Bioinspired large Stokes shift small molecular dyes for biomedical fluorescence imaging

Abstract

Long Stokes shift dyes that minimize cross-talk between the excitation source and fluorescent emission to improve the signal-to-background ratio are highly desired for fluorescence imaging. However, simple small molecular dyes with large Stokes shift (more than 120 nanometers) and near-infrared (NIR) emissions have been rarely reported so far. Here, inspired by the chromophore chemical structure of fluorescent proteins, we designed and synthesized a series of styrene oxazolone dyes (SODs) with simple synthetic methods, which show NIR emissions (>650 nanometers) with long Stokes shift (ranged from 136 to 198 nanometers) and small molecular weight (<450 daltons). The most promising SOD9 shows rapid renal excretion and blood-brain barrier passing properties. After functioning with the mitochondrial-targeted triphenylphosphonium (TPP) group, the resulting SOD9-TPP can be engineered for head-neck tumor imaging, fluorescence image-guided surgery, brain neuroimaging, and on-site pathologic analysis. In summary, our findings add an essential small molecular dye category to the classical dyes.