SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway
Brian J. Willett(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Joe Grove(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Oscar A. MacLean(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Craig Wilkie(University of Glasgow), Giuditta De Lorenzo(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Wilhelm Furnon(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Diego Cantoni(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Sam Scott(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Nicola Logan(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Shirin Ashraf(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Maria Manali(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Agnieszka M. Szemiel(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Vanessa M. Cowton(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Elen Vink(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), William T. Harvey(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Christopher Davis(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Patawee Asamaphan(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Katherine Smollett(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), L. Tong(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Richard Orton(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Joseph Hughes(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Poppy Holland(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Vanessa Silva(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), David J. Pascall(University of Cambridge), Kathryn Puxty(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Ana da Silva Filipe(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Gonzalo Yebra(Public Health Scotland), Sharif Shaaban(Public Health Scotland), Matthew T. G. Holden(University of St Andrews), Rute Maria Pinto(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Rory Gunson(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Kate Templeton(NHS Lothian), Pablo R. Murcia(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Arvind H. Patel(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Paul Klenerman(University of Oxford), Susanna Dunachie(University of Oxford), Susanna Dunachie(University of Oxford), Paul Klenerman(University of Oxford), Eleanor Barnes(John Radcliffe Hospital), Anthony Brown(University of Oxford), Sandra Adele(University of Oxford), Barbara Kronsteiner(University of Oxford), Sam M. Murray(University of Oxford), Priyanka Abraham(University of Oxford), Alexandra Deeks(University of Oxford), M. Azim Ansari(University of Oxford), Thushan I. de Silva(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Lance Turtle(University of Liverpool), Shona C. Moore(University of Liverpool), James Austin(University of Liverpool), Alex Richter(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), C.J. Duncan(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Rebecca Payne(Newcastle University), Amy Ash(Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust), Cherian Koshy(Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust), Beatrix Kele(Barts Health NHS Trust), Teresa Cutiño‐Moguel(Barts Health NHS Trust), Derek Fairley(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), James P. McKenna(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), Tanya Curran(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), Helen Adams(Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board), Christophe Fraser(Open Data Institute), David Bonsall(Open Data Institute), Helen Fryer(Open Data Institute), Katrina Lythgoe(Open Data Institute), Laura Thomson(Open Data Institute), Tanya Golubchik(Open Data Institute), Abigail Murray(Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Dawn Singleton(Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Shaun M. Beckwith(Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Anna Mantzouratou(Bournemouth University), Magdalena Barrow(Bournemouth University), Sarah L. Buchan(Bournemouth University), Nicola Reynolds(Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute), Ben Warne(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Joshua Maksimovic(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Karla Spellman(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Kathryn McCluggage(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), John P.T. Mo(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Robert Beer(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Safiah Afifi(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Sian Morgan(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Andrew Mack(Cardiff University), Angela Marchbank(Cardiff University), Anna Price(Cardiff University), Arthur Morriss(Cardiff University), Catherine Bresner(Cardiff University), Christine Kitchen(Cardiff University), Ian Merrick(Cardiff University), Joel Southgate(Cardiff University), Martyn F. Guest(Cardiff University), Owen Jones(Cardiff University), Robert J. Munn(Cardiff University), Thomas R. Connor(Cardiff University), Thomas Whalley(Cardiff University), Trudy Workman(Cardiff University), William Fuller(Cardiff University), Amita Patel(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Bindi Patel(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Gaia Nebbia(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Jonathan Edgeworth(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Luke B. Snell(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Rahul Batra(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Themoula Charalampous(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Angela H. Beckett(University of Portsmouth), Ekaterina Shelest(University of Portsmouth), Samuel C. Robson(University of Portsmouth), Anthony P. Underwood(University of Oxford), Ben Taylor(University of Oxford), Corin Yeats(University of Oxford), David M. Aanensen(University of Oxford), Khalil Abudahab(University of Oxford), Mirko Menegazzo(University of Oxford), Amelia Joseph(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Gemma Clark(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Hannah C. Howson‐Wells(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Louise Berry(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Manjinder Khakh(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Michelle M. Lister(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Tim Boswell(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Vicki M. Fleming(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Christopher W. Holmes(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Claire McMurray(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Jessica R. Shaw(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Julian W. Tang(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Karlie Fallon(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Mina Odedra(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Nicholas J. Willford(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Paul Bird(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Thomas Helmer(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Lesley-Anne Williams(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Nicola Sheriff(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Sharon Campbell(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Veena Raviprakash(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Victoria Blakey(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Christopher Moore(University of Nottingham), Fei Sang(University of Nottingham), Johnny Debebe(University of Nottingham), Matthew Carlile(University of Nottingham), Matthew Loose(University of Nottingham), Nadine Holmes(University of Nottingham), Victoria Wright(University of Nottingham), M. Estee Torok(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), William L. Hamilton(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Alessandro M. Carabelli(University of Cambridge), Andrew Jermy(University of Cambridge), Beth Blane(University of Cambridge), Carol Churcher(University of Cambridge), Catherine Ludden(University of Cambridge), Dinesh Aggarwal(University of Cambridge), Elaine Westwick(University of Cambridge), Ellena Brooks(University of Cambridge), Georgina M. McManus(University of Cambridge), Katerina Galai(University of Cambridge), Kenneth G. C. Smith(University of Cambridge), Kim S. Smith(University of Cambridge), MacGregor Cox(University of Cambridge), Mireille Fragakis(University of Cambridge), Patrick H. Maxwell(University of Cambridge), Sarah Judges(University of Cambridge), Sharon J. Peacock(University of Cambridge), Theresa Feltwell(University of Cambridge), Anita Kenyon(Kettering General Hospital), Sahar Eldirdiri(Kettering General Hospital), Thomas Davis(Kettering General Hospital), Joshua F. Taylor(North West London Pathology), Ngee Keong Tan(North West London Pathology), Alex E. Zarebski(University of Oxford), Bernardo Gutiérrez(University of Oxford), Jayna Raghwani(University of Oxford), Louis du Plessis(University of Oxford), Moritz U. G. Kraemer(University of Oxford), Oliver G. Pybus(University of Oxford), Sarah François(University of Oxford), Stephen W. Attwood(University of Oxford), Tetyana I. Vasylyeva(University of Oxford), Aminu S. Jahun(University of Cambridge), Ian Goodfellow(University of Cambridge), Iliana Georgana(University of Cambridge), Malte L. Pinckert(University of Cambridge), Myra Hosmillo(University of Cambridge), Rhys Izuagbe(University of Cambridge), Yasmin Chaudhry(University of Cambridge), Felicity Ryan(East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust), Hannah Lowe(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Samuel Moses(East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust), Luke Bedford(East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust), James S. Cargill(East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust), Warwick Hughes(East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust), Jonathan P. Moore(Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust), Susanne Stonehouse(Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust), Divya Shah(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Jack C. D. Lee(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Julianne R. Brown(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Kathryn Harris(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Laura Atkinson(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Nathaniel Storey(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Moira Spyer(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Flavia Flaviani, Adela Alcolea-Medina(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Jasveen Sehmi(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), John Ramble(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Natasha Ohemeng-Kumi(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Perminder Smith(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Beatrice Bertolusso(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Claire Thomas(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Gabrielle Vernet(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Jessica Lynch(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Nathan Moore(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Nicholas Cortes(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Rebecca Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Stephen P. Kidd(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Lisa J. Levett, Monika Pusok, Paul R. Grant, Stuart A. Kirk, Wendy Chatterton, Li Xu-McCrae(Heartlands Hospital), Darren Smith(Northumbria University), Gregory R. Young(Northumbria University), Matthew Bashton(Northumbria University), Katie Kitchman(University of Hull), Kavitha Gajee(University of Hull), Kirstine Eastick(University of Hull), Patrick Lillie(University of Hull), Phillipa Burns(University of Hull), William V. Everson(University of Hull), Alison D. Cox(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Alison Holmes(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Frances Bolt(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), James Price(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Marcus Pond(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Paul Randell(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Pinglawathee Madona(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Siddharth Mookerjee(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Erik Volz(Imperial College London), Lily Geidelberg(Imperial College London), Manon Ragonnet‐Cronin(Imperial College London), Olivia Boyd(Imperial College London), Rob Johnson(Imperial College London), Cassie F. Pope(St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Adam A. Witney(St George's, University of London), Irene M. Monahan(St George's, University of London), Kenneth G. Laing(St George's, University of London), Katherine Smollett(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Alan McNally(University of Birmingham), Claire McMurray(University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust), Joanne Stockton(University of Birmingham), Joshua Quick(University of Birmingham), Nicholas J. Loman(University of Birmingham), Radoslaw Poplawski(University of Birmingham), Samuel M. Nicholls(University of Birmingham), Will Rowe(University of Birmingham), Anibolina Castigador(Isle of Wight NHS Trust), Emily MacNaughton(Isle of Wight NHS Trust), Kate El Bouzidi(King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Malur Sudhanva(King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Temi Lampejo(King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Rocio T. Martinez Nunez(King's College London), Cassie Breen, Graciela Sluga(Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Karen T. Withell(Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Nicholas W. Machin(Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Ryan P. George(Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Shazaad S. Y. Ahmad(Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), David T. Pritchard(Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust), Debbie Binns(Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust), Nick Wong(Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust), Victoria James(Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust), Cheryl Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Chris J. Illingworth(University of Cambridge), Christopher Jackson(University of Cambridge), Daniela De Angelis(University of Cambridge), David J. Pascall(University of Cambridge), Afrida Mukaddas(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Alice Broos(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Ana da Silva Filipe(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Daniel Mair(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), David L. Robertson(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Derek Wright(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Emma C. Thomson(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Igor Starinskij(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Ioulia Tsatsani(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), James G. Shepherd(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Jenna Nichols(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Joseph Hughes(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Kyriaki Nomikou(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), L. Tong(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Richard Orton(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Vattipally B. Sreenu(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), William T. Harvey(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Roy Sanderson(Newcastle University), Sarah H. O’Brien(Newcastle University), Steven Rushton(Newcastle University), Jon Perkins(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Rachel Blacow(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Rory Gunson(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Abbie Gallagher(NHS Lothian), Elizabeth Wastnedge(NHS Lothian), Kate Templeton(NHS Lothian), M. McHugh(NHS Lothian), Rebecca Dewar(NHS Lothian), Seb Cotton(NHS Lothian), Lindsay Coupland(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Rachael Stanley(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Samir Dervisevic(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Lewis G. Spurgin(Norfolk County Council), Louise Smith(Norfolk County Council), Clive Graham(North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust), Debra Padgett(North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust), Edward Barton(North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust), Garren Scott(North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust), Aidan Cross(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Mariyam Mirfenderesky(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Emma Swindells(North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust), Jane Greenaway(North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust), Rebecca Denton-Smith(North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust), Robyn Turnbull(North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust), Giles Idle(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Kevin Cole(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Amy Hollis(Northumbria University), Andrew Nelson(Northumbria University), Clare M. McCann(Northumbria University), John Henderson(Northumbria University), Matthew Crown(Northumbria University), Wen C. Yew(Northumbria University), William T. Stanley(Northumbria University), Nichola Duckworth(Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Phillip Clarke(Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sarah Walsh(Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Tim J. Sloan(Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Kelly Bicknell(Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Robert Impey(Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Sarah Wyllie(Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Scott Elliott(Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Sharon Glaysher(Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Declan Bradley(Public Health Agency), Nicholas F. Killough(Public Health Agency), Tim Wyatt(Public Health Agency), Andrew Bosworth(Public Health England), Barry Vipond(Public Health England), Clare Pearson(Public Health England), Elias Allara(Public Health England), Esther Robinson(Public Health England), Hannah M. Pymont(Public Health England), Husam Osman(Public Health England), Peter Muir(Public Health England), Richard Hopes(Public Health England), Stephanie Hutchings(Public Health England), Martin D. Curran(Public Health England), Surendra Parmar(Public Health England), Alicia Thornton(Public Health England), Angie Lackenby(Public Health England), Chloe Bishop(Public Health England), David Bibby(Public Health England), David Lee(Public Health England), Eileen Gallagher(Public Health England), Gavin Dabrera(Public Health England), Ian Harrison(Public Health England), Jonathan Hubb(Public Health England), Katherine A. Twohig(Public Health England), Meera Chand(Public Health England), Nicholas Ellaby(Public Health England), Nikos Manesis(Public Health England), Richard Myers(Public Health England), Steven G. Platt(Public Health England), Tamyo Mbisa(Public Health England), Vicki Chalker(Public Health England), Gonzalo Yebra(Public Health Scotland), Matthew T. G. Holden(University of St Andrews), Sharif Shaaban(Public Health Scotland), Stefan Rooke(Public Health Scotland), Alec Birchley(Public Health Wales), Alexander Adams(Public Health Wales), Alisha Davies(Public Health Wales), Amy Gaskin(Public Health Wales), Bree Gatica-Wilcox(Public Health Wales), Caoimhe McKerr(Public Health Wales), Catherine Moore(University of Nottingham), Catryn Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Chris Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), David Heyburn(Public Health Wales), Elen De Lacy(Public Health Wales), Ember Hilvers(Public Health Wales), Fatima Downing(Public Health Wales), Georgia Pugh(Public Health Wales), Hannah Jones(Public Health Wales), Hibo Asad(Public Health Wales), Jason Coombes(Public Health Wales), Jessica Hey(Public Health Wales), Jessica Powell(Public Health Wales), Joanne Watkins(Public Health Wales), Johnathan M. Evans(Public Health Wales), Laia Fina(Public Health Wales), Laura Gifford(Public Health Wales), Lauren Gilbert(Public Health Wales), Lee Graham(Public Health Wales), Malorie Perry(Public Health Wales), Mari Morgan(Public Health Wales), Matthew Bull(Public Health Wales), Nicole Pacchiarini(Public Health Wales), Noel Craine(Public Health Wales), Sally Corden(Public Health Wales), Sara Kumziene-Summerhayes(Public Health Wales), Sara Rey(Public Health Wales), Sarah Taylor(Public Health Wales), Simon Cottrell(Public Health Wales), Sophie Jones(Public Health Wales), Sue Edwards(Public Health Wales), Tara Annett(Public Health Wales), Alexander J. Trotter(Quadram Institute), Alison E. Mather(Quadram Institute), Alp Aydin(Quadram Institute), Andrew J. Page(Quadram Institute), David Baker(Quadram Institute), Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko(Quadram Institute), Gemma L. Kay(Quadram Institute), Justin O’Grady(Quadram Institute), Leonardo de Oliveira Martins(Quadram Institute), Lizzie Meadows(Quadram Institute), Nabil-Fareed Alikhan(Quadram Institute), Sophie J. Prosolek(Quadram Institute), Steven Rudder(Quadram Institute), Thanh Le-Viet(Quadram Institute), Anna Casey(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Liz Ratcliffe(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Aditi Singh(Queen's University Belfast), Arun Mariappan(Queen's University Belfast), Chris Baxter(Queen's University Belfast), Clara Radulescu(Queen's University Belfast), David Simpson(Queen's University Belfast), Deborah Lavin(Queen's University Belfast), Fiona Rogan(Queen's University Belfast), Julia Miskelly(Queen's University Belfast), Marc Fuchs(Queen's University Belfast), Miao Tang(Queen's University Belfast), Silvia Carvalho(Queen's University Belfast), Stephen Bridgett(Queen's University Belfast), Timofey Skvortsov(Queen's University Belfast), Zoltán Molnár(Queen's University Belfast), Newara Ramadan(Harefield Hospital), Bridget Knight(Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Christopher R. Jones(Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Cressida Auckland(Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Helen Morcrette(Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Jennifer Poyner(Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Dianne Irish-Tavares(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Eric Witele(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Jennifer Hart(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Tabitha Mahungu(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Tanzina Haque(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Yann Bourgeois(University of Portsmouth), Christopher Fearn(University of Portsmouth), Kate F. Cook(University of Portsmouth), Katie F. Loveson(University of Portsmouth), Salman Goudarzi(University of Portsmouth), Cariad Evans(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), David G. Partridge(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), KATE JOHNSON(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Mehmet Yavus(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Mohammad Raza(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Craig Mower(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Paul Baker(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sarah Essex(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Stephen Bonner(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Leanne J. Murray(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Louisa K. Watson(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Steven Liggett(South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Andrew I. Lawton(North West London Pathology), Ronan A Lyons(Swansea University), Brendan Payne(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Gary Eltringham(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Jennifer Collins(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sheila Waugh(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Shirelle Burton-Fanning(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Yusri Taha(Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Christopher Jeanes(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Andrea N. Gomes(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Darren R. Murray(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Maimuna Kimuli(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Donald Dobie(The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust), Paula Ashfield(The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust), Angus Best(University of Birmingham), Benita Percival(University of Birmingham), Emma Moles-Garcia(University of Birmingham), Fiona Ashford(University of Birmingham), Jeremy Mirza(University of Birmingham), Liam Crawford(University of Birmingham), Megan Mayhew(University of Birmingham), Nicola Cumley(University of Birmingham), Oliver Megram(University of Birmingham), Dan Frampton(University College London), Judith Heaney(University College Hospital), Matthew Byott(University College Hospital), Catherine Houlihan(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Charlotte A. Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Eleni Nastouli(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Helen L. Lowe(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), John A. Hartley(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Judith Breuer(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Laurentiu Maftei(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Leah Ensell(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Marius Cotic(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Matteo Mondani(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Megan Driscoll(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Nadua Bayzid(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Rachel Williams(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sunando Roy(University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Adhyana I. K. Mahanama(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Buddhini Samaraweera(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Eleri Wilson-Davies(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Emanuela Pelosi(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Helen Umpleby(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Helen Wheeler(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Jacqui Prieto(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Kordo Saeed(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Matthew Harvey(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Sarah Jeremiah(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Siona Silviera(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Stephen Aplin(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Thea Sass(University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust), Ben Macklin(Poole Hospital), Dorian Crudgington(Poole Hospital), Liz A. Sheridan(Poole Hospital), Benjamin J. Cogger(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Cassandra S. Malone(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Florence Munemo(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Hannah Huckson(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Jonathan Lewis(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Lisa J. Easton(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Manasa Mutingwende(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Michelle J. Erkiert(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Mohammed O. Hassan-Ibrahim(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Nicola J. Chaloner(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Olga Podplomyk(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Paul Randell(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Roberto Nicodemi(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Sarah Lowdon(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Thomas Somassa(University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust), Alex Richter(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), Andrew D. Beggs(University of Birmingham), Andrew R. Hesketh(University of Brighton), Colin P. Smith(University of Brighton), Giselda Bucca(University of Brighton), Chris Ruis(University of Cambridge), Claire Cormie(University of Cambridge), Ellen E. Higginson(University of Cambridge), Jamie Young(University of Cambridge), Joana Angélica Andrade Dias(University of Cambridge), Leanne M. Kermack(University of Cambridge), Mailis Maes(University of Cambridge), Ravindra K. Gupta(University of Cambridge), Sally Forrest(University of Cambridge), Sophia T. Girgis(University of Cambridge), Rose K. Davidson(University of East Anglia), Áine O’Toole(University of Edinburgh), Andrew Rambaut(University of Edinburgh), Ben Jackson(University of Edinburgh), Carlos E. Balcazar(University of Edinburgh), Daniel Maloney(University of Edinburgh), Emily Scher(University of Edinburgh), J. T. McCrone(University of Edinburgh), Kathleen A. Williamson(University of Edinburgh), Michael D. Gallagher(University of Edinburgh), Nathan Medd(University of Edinburgh), Rachel Colquhoun(University of Edinburgh), Thomas D. Stanton(University of Edinburgh), Thomas Williams(University of Edinburgh), Verity Hill(University of Edinburgh), Aaron R. Jeffries(University of Exeter), Ben Temperton(University of Exeter), Christine Sambles(University of Exeter), David J. Studholme(University of Exeter), Joanna Warwick-Dugdale(University of Exeter), Leigh Jackson(University of Exeter), Michelle L. Michelsen(University of Exeter), Robin Manley(University of Exeter), Stephen L. Michell(University of Exeter), Alistair C. Darby(University of Liverpool), Anita O. Lucaci(University of Liverpool), Charlotte Nelson(University of Liverpool), Claudia Wierzbicki(University of Liverpool), Edith E. Vamos(University of Liverpool), Hermione J. Webster(University of Liverpool), Kathryn Jackson(University of Liverpool), Lucille Rainbow(University of Liverpool), Margaret Hughes(University of Liverpool), Mark Whitehead(University of Liverpool), Matthew Gemmell(University of Liverpool), Miren Iturriza-Gomara(University of Liverpool), Richard Eccles(University of Liverpool), Richard I. Gregory(University of Liverpool), Sam Haldenby(University of Liverpool), Steve Paterson(University of Liverpool), Adrienn Angyal(University of Sheffield), Alexander J. Keeley(University of Sheffield), Benjamin H. Foulkes(University of Sheffield), Benjamin B. Lindsey(University of Sheffield), Dennis Wang(University of Sheffield), Hailey Hornsby(University of Sheffield), Luke R. Green(University of Sheffield), Manoj Pohare(University of Sheffield), Marta Gallis(University of Sheffield), Matthew D. Parker(University of Sheffield), Max Whiteley(University of Sheffield), Darren Smith(University of Sheffield), Paige Wolverson(University of Sheffield), Peijun Zhang(University of Sheffield), Samantha E. Hansford(University of Sheffield), Sharon N. Hsu(University of Sheffield), Stavroula F. Louka(University of Sheffield), Thushan I. de Silva(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Timothy M. Freeman(University of Sheffield), Matilde Mori(University of Southampton), Emily J. Park(University of Nottingham), Jack D. Hill(University of Nottingham), Jayasree Dey(University of Nottingham), Jonathan K. Ball(University of Nottingham), Joseph Chappell(University of Nottingham), C. Patrick McClure(University of Nottingham), Timothy Byaruhanga(University of Nottingham), Arezou Fanaie(Watford General Hospital), Geraldine Yaze(Watford General Hospital), Rachel A. Hilson(Watford General Hospital), Amy Trebes(Centre for Human Genetics), Angie Green(Centre for Human Genetics), David Buck(Centre for Human Genetics), George MacIntyre-Cockett(Centre for Human Genetics), John A. Todd(Centre for Human Genetics), Andrew R. Bassett(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Andrew Whitwham(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Cordelia F. Langford(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Diana Rajan(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Dominic Kwiatkowski(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Ewan M. Harrison(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Iraad F. Bronner(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jaime M. Tovar-Corona(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jennifier Liddle(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jillian Durham(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Katherine L. Bellis(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Kevin Lewis(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Louise Aigrain(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Nicholas Redshaw(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Robert M. Davies(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Robin J. Moll(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Shane McCarthy(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stefanie V. Lensing(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Steven Leonard(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Ben W. Farr(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Carol Scott(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Charlotte Beaver(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Cristina V. Ariani(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Danni Weldon(Wellcome Sanger Institute), David K. Jackson(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Emma Betteridge(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Gerry Tonkin‐Hill(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Ian Johnston(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Inigo Martincorena(Wellcome Sanger Institute), James Bonfield(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jeffrey C. Barrett(Wellcome Sanger Institute), John Sillitoe(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jon-Paul Keatley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Karen Oliver(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Keith James(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Lesley Shirley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Liam Prestwood(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Luke Foulser(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Marina Gourtovaia(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Matthew J. Dorman(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Michael A. Quail(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Michael H. Spencer Chapman(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Naomi R. Park(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Rich Livett(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Roberto Amato(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Sally Kay(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Scott Goodwin(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Scott A. J. Thurston(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Shavanthi Rajatileka(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Sónia Gonçalves(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stephanie W. Lo(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Theo Sanderson(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Alasdair Maclean(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Emily J. Goldstein(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Lynne Ferguson(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Rachael Tomb(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), Jana Catalan(Whittington Health NHS Trust), Neil Jones(Whittington Health NHS Trust), John Haughney(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde), David L. Robertson(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Massimo Palmarini(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Surajit Ray(University of Glasgow), Emma C. Thomson(NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde)
Cited by 722Open Access
Abstract
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid mutations in spike, half of which lie within the receptor-binding domain. Here we demonstrate substantial evasion of neutralization by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in vitro using sera from individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. These data were mirrored by a substantial reduction in real-world vaccine effectiveness that was partially restored by booster vaccination. The Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 did not induce cell syncytia in vitro and favoured a TMPRSS2-independent endosomal entry pathway, these phenotypes mapping to distinct regions of the spike protein. Impaired cell fusion was determined by the receptor-binding domain, while endosomal entry mapped to the S2 domain. Such marked changes in antigenicity and replicative biology may underlie the rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity of the Omicron variant.