8-Oxypalmatine, a novel oxidative metabolite of palmatine, exhibits superior anti-colitis effect via regulating Nrf2 and NLRP3 inflammasome

Abstract

Palmatine (PAL) is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from Fibraureae caulis Pierre that has been used to relieve inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis (UC). The metabolites of PAL were believed to contribute significantly to its outstanding biological activities. 8-Oxypalmatine (OPAL), a liver-mediated oxidative metabolite of PAL, has been firstly identified in the present work. We aimed to comparatively investigate the potential effect and mechanism of OPAL and PAL on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. Results indicated that OPAL and PAL effectively mitigated clinical manifestations, DAI scores and pathological damage compared with the model group. Moreover, treatment with OPAL and PAL effectively mitigated oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators in colon. Additionally, OPAL and PAL significantly activated the Nrf2 pathway, while substantially suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, OPAL showed superior anti-colitis effect to PAL, which was similar to the positive drug mesalazine with much smaller dosage. These findings suggested that OPAL exerted appreciable protective effect on DSS-induced colitis, at least in part, via activating Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. OPAL might have the potential to be further developed into a promising candidate for the treatment of UC.