Modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in China: a PURE substudy

Sidong Li(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Zhiguang Liu(Capital Medical University), Philip Joseph(Population Health Research Institute), Bo Hu(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Lu Yin(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Lap Ah Tse(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Sumathy Rangarajan(Population Health Research Institute), Chuangshi Wang(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Yang Wang(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Shofiqul Islam(Population Health Research Institute), Weida Liu(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Fanghong Lu(Shandong First Medical University), Yindong Li(Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control), Yan Hou, Deren Qiang(Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control And Prevention), Qian Zhao(Sichuan University), Ning Li, Lei Rensheng(Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Di Chen(Peking University), Aiying Han, Guoqin Liu, Peng Zhang(Xian Mental Health Center), Yahong Zhi(Xi'an University of Science and Technology), Chunmei Liu(Xian Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Jinkui Yang, Aobulikasimu Resalaiti(Xian Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Haibin Ma, Yuanting Ma, Yü Liu(Shenyang 242 Hospital), Xiaojie Xing, Quanyong Xiang(Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Zhengrong Liu(Capital Medical University), Yundong Sheng(Nanjing Health and Health Commission), Jinghua Tang(The Central Hospital of Xiao gan), Lisheng Liu(Shanghai Institute of Hypertension), Salim Yusuf(Population Health Research Institute), Wei Li(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College)
European Heart Journal
May 11, 2022
10.1093/eurheartj/ehac268
Cited by 154

Abstract

AIMS: To examine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in China and in key subpopulations, and to estimate the population-level risks attributable to 12 common modifiable risk factors for each outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this prospective cohort of 47 262 middle-aged participants from 115 urban and rural communities in 12 provinces of China, it was examined how CVD incidence and mortality rates varied by sex, by urban-rural area, and by region. In participants without prior CVD, population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for CVD and for death related to 12 common modifiable risk factors were assessed: four metabolic risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, and lipids), four behavioural risk factors (tobacco, alcohol, diet quality, and physical activity), education, depression, grip strength, and household air pollution. The mean age of the cohort was 51.1 years. 58.2% were female, 49.2% were from urban areas, and 59.6% were from the eastern region of China. The median follow-up duration was 11.9 years. The CVD was the leading cause of death in China (36%). The rates of CVD and death were 8.35 and 5.33 per 1000 person-years, respectively, with higher rates in men compared with women and in rural compared with urban areas. Death rates were higher in the central and western regions of China compared with the eastern region. The modifiable risk factors studied collectively contributed to 59% of the PAF for CVD and 56% of the PAF for death in China. Metabolic risk factors accounted for the largest proportion of CVD (PAF of 41.7%), and hypertension was the most important risk factor (25.0%), followed by low education (10.2%), high non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (7.8%), and abdominal obesity (6.9%). The largest risk factors for death were hypertension (10.8%), low education (10.5%), poor diet (8.3%), tobacco use (7.5%), and household air pollution (6.1%). CONCLUSION: Both CVD and mortality are higher in men compared with women, and in rural compared with urban areas. Large reductions in CVD could potentially be achieved by controlling metabolic risk factors and improving education. Lowering mortality rates will require strategies addressing a broader range of risk factors.

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