Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
R. Abbott(California Institute of Technology), T. D. Abbott(Louisiana State University), S. Abraham(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), F. Acernese(University of Salerno), K. Ackley(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), A. Adams(Christopher Newport University), C. Adams(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), R. X. Adhikari(California Institute of Technology), V. B. Adya(Australian National University), C. Affeldt(Leibniz University Hannover), M. Agathos(University of Cambridge), K. Agatsuma(University of Birmingham), N. Aggarwal(Northwestern University), O. D. Aguiar(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), L. Aiello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), A. Ain(University of Pisa), P. Ajith(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), B. Allen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), A. Allocca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), P. A. Altin(Australian National University), A. Amato(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), Shreya Anand(California Institute of Technology), A. Ananyeva(California Institute of Technology), S. B. Anderson(California Institute of Technology), W. G. Anderson(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), S. V. Angelova(University of Strathclyde), S. Ansoldi(University of Udine), Javier M. Antelis(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), S. Antier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Appert(California Institute of Technology), K. Arai(California Institute of Technology), M. C. Araya(California Institute of Technology), J. S. Areeda(California State University, Fullerton), M. Arène(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), N. Arnaud(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. M. Aronson(University of Florida), K. G. Arun(Chennai Mathematical Institute), Y. Asali(Columbia University), S. Ascenzi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), G. Ashton(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), S. M. Aston(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), P. Astone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), François Aubin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Aufmuth(Leibniz University Hannover), K. AultONeal(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), C. Austin(Louisiana State University), V. Avendano(Montclair State University), S. Babak(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), F. Badaracco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), M. K. M. Bader(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), S. Bae(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information), A. M. Baer(Christopher Newport University), S. Bagnasco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), J. Baird(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Ball(University of Oregon), G. Ballardin(European Gravitational Observatory), S. W. Ballmer(Syracuse University), A. Bals(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), A. Balsamo(Christopher Newport University), G. Baltus(University of Liège), S. Banagiri(University of Minnesota), D. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), R. S. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), J. C. Barayoga(California Institute of Technology), C. Barbieri(Brera Astronomical Observatory), B. C. Barish(California Institute of Technology), D. Barker, P. Barneo(Universitat de Barcelona), S. Barnum(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), F. Barone(University of Salerno), B. Barr(University of Glasgow), L. Barsotti(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), M. Barsuglia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Barta(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics), J. Bartlett, I. Bartos(University of Florida), R. Bassiri(Stanford University), A. Basti(University of Pisa), M. Bawaj(University of Perugia), J. C. Bayley(University of Glasgow), M. Bazzan(University of Padua), B. R. Becher(Bard College), B. Bécsy(Montana State University), V. M. Bedakihale(Institute for Plasma Research), M. Bejger(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), I. Belahcene(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Beniwal(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. G. Benjamin(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), T. F. Bennett(California State University Los Angeles), J. D. Bentley(University of Birmingham), F. Bergamin(Leibniz University Hannover), B. K. Berger(Stanford University), G. Bergmann(Leibniz University Hannover), Sebastiano Bernuzzi(Friedrich Schiller University Jena), C. P. L. Berry(Northwestern University), D. Bersanetti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), A. Bertolini(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), J. Betzwieser(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), R. Bhandare(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), A. V. Bhandari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), Deep Bhattacharjee(Missouri University of Science and Technology), J. Bidler(California State University, Fullerton), I. A. Bilenko(Lomonosov Moscow State University), G. Billingsley(California Institute of Technology), R. Birney(University of the West of Scotland), O. Birnholtz(Bar-Ilan University), S. Biscans(California Institute of Technology), M. Bischi(University of Urbino), S. Biscoveanu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), A. Bisht(Leibniz University Hannover), M. Bitossi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), M. A. Bizouard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. K. Blackburn(California Institute of Technology), Jonathan Blackman(California Institute of Technology), C. D. Blair(The University of Western Australia), D. G. Blair(The University of Western Australia), R. M. Blair, O. Blanch(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), F. Bobba(University of Salerno), N. Bode(Leibniz University Hannover), M. Boër(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Y. Boetzel(University of Zurich), G. Bogaert(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Boldrini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), F. Bondu(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E. Bonilla(Stanford University), R. Bonnand(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Booker(Leibniz University Hannover), B. A. Boom(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), R. Bork(California Institute of Technology), V. Boschi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), S. Bose(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), V. Bossilkov(The University of Western Australia), V. Boudart(University of Liège), Y. Bouffanais(University of Padua), A. Bozzi(European Gravitational Observatory), C. Bradaschia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), P. R. Brady(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), A. Bramley(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), M. Branchesi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), J. E. Brau(University of Oregon), M. Breschi(Friedrich Schiller University Jena), T. Briant(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. H. Briggs(University of Glasgow), Fabrizio Brighenti(University of Urbino), A. Brillet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Brinkmann(Leibniz University Hannover), P. Brockill(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), A. F. Brooks(California Institute of Technology), J. Brooks(European Gravitational Observatory), D. Brown(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), S. Brunett(California Institute of Technology), G. Bruno(UCLouvain), R. Bruntz(Christopher Newport University), A. Buikema(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), T. Bulik(University of Warsaw), H. J. Bulten(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), A. Buonanno(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), R. Buscicchio(University of Birmingham), D. Buskulic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. L. Byer(Stanford University), M. Cabero(Leibniz University Hannover), L. Cadonati(Georgia Institute of Technology), Matthew Caesar(Villanova University), G. Cagnoli(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), C. Cahillane(California Institute of Technology), J. Calderón Bustillo(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), J. D. Callaghan(University of Glasgow), T. A. Callister(Flatiron Health (United States)), E. Calloni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), J. B. Camp(Goddard Space Flight Center), M. Canepa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), K. C. Cannon(The University of Tokyo), H. Cao(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), J. Cao(Tsinghua University), G. Carapella(University of Salerno), F. Carbognani(European Gravitational Observatory), M. F. Carney(Northwestern University), M. Carpinelli(University of Sassari), G. Carullo(University of Pisa), T. Carver(Cardiff University), J. Casanueva Diaz(European Gravitational Observatory), C. Casentini(University of Rome Tor Vergata), S. Caudill(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), M. Cavaglià(Missouri University of Science and Technology), F. Cavalier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. Cavalieri(European Gravitational Observatory), G. Cella(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), P. Cerdá–Durán(Universitat de València), E. Cesarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), W. Chaibi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), K. Chakravarti(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), C. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong), C. Chan(The University of Tokyo), Koustav Chandra(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay), P. Chanial(European Gravitational Observatory), S. Chao(National Tsing Hua University), P. Charlton(Charles Sturt University), E. A. Chase(Northwestern University), E. Chassande‐Mottin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Deep Chatterjee(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), Debatri Chattopadhyay(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. Chaturvedi(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), K. Chatziioannou(Flatiron Health (United States)), A. Chen(Chinese University of Hong Kong), H. Y. Chen(University of Chicago), Xuan Chen(The University of Western Australia), Y. Chen(California Institute of Technology), Hai‐Ping Cheng(University of Florida), C. K. Cheong(Chinese University of Hong Kong), H. Y. Chia(University of Florida), F. Chiadini(University of Salerno), R. Chierici(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), A. Chincarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), A. Chiummo(European Gravitational Observatory), G. Cho(Seoul National University), H. S. Cho(Pusan National University), M. Cho(University of Maryland, College Park), S. Choate(Villanova University), N. Christensen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Q. Chu(The University of Western Australia), S. Chua(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), K. W. Chung(University of London), S. Chung(The University of Western Australia), G. Ciani(University of Padua), P. Ciecieląg(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), M. Cieślar(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), M. Cifaldi(University of Rome Tor Vergata), A. A. Ciobanu(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), R. Ciolfi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova), F. Cipriano(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Cirone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), F. Clara, E. N. Clark(University of Arizona), J. A. Clark(Georgia Institute of Technology), L. Clarke(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), P. Clearwater(The University of Melbourne), S. Clesse(UCLouvain), F. Cleva(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E. Coccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), P.-F. Cohadon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Cohen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Colleoni(Universitat de les Illes Balears), Christophe Collette(Université Libre de Bruxelles), C. Collins(University of Birmingham), M. Colpi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca), M. Constancio(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), L. Conti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova), S. J. Cooper(University of Birmingham), P. Corban(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), T. R. Corbitt(Louisiana State University), I. Cordero-Carrión(Universitat de València), S. Corezzi(University of Perugia), K. R. Corley(Columbia University), Neil J. Cornish(Montana State University), D. Corre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Corsi(Texas Tech University), S. Cortese(European Gravitational Observatory), C. A. Costa(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), R. Cotesta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), M. W. Coughlin(California Institute of Technology), S. B. Coughlin(Northwestern University), J.-P. Coulon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. T. Countryman(Columbia University), P. Couvares(California Institute of Technology), P. B. Covas(Universitat de les Illes Balears), D. M. Coward(The University of Western Australia), M. J. Cowart(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), D. C. Coyne(California Institute of Technology), R. Coyne(University of Rhode Island), J. D. E. Creighton(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), J. D. E. Creighton(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), M. Croquette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. G. Crowder(Bellevue College), J. R. Cudell(University of Liège), T. J. Cullen(Louisiana State University), A. Cumming(University of Glasgow), R. Cummings(University of Glasgow), L. Cunningham(University of Glasgow), E. Cuoco(Scuola Normale Superiore), M. Curyło(University of Warsaw), T. Dal Canton(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), G. Dálya(Eötvös Loránd University), Aykutlu Dâna(Stanford University), L. M. DaneshgaranBajastani(California State University Los Angeles), B. D’Angelo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), S. L. Danilishin(Maastricht University), S. D’Antonio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), K. Danzmann(Leibniz University Hannover), C. Darsow-Fromm(Universität Hamburg), Anirban Dasgupta(Institute for Plasma Research), L. E. H. Datrier(University of Glasgow), V. Dattilo(European Gravitational Observatory), I. Dave(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), M. Davier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), G. S. Davies(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Philip Davis(California Institute of Technology), E. J. Daw(University of Sheffield), Robert Dean(Villanova University), D. DeBra(Stanford University), M. Deenadayalan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), J. Degallaix(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), M. De Laurentis(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), S. Deléglise(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), V. Del Favero(Rochester Institute of Technology), F. De Lillo(UCLouvain), N. De Lillo(University of Glasgow), W. Del Pozzo(University of Pisa), L. M. DeMarchi(Northwestern University), F. De Matteis(University of Rome Tor Vergata), V. D’Emilio(Cardiff University), N. Demos(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), T. Denker(Leibniz University Hannover), T. Dent(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), A. Depasse(UCLouvain), R. De Pietri(University of Parma), R. De Rosa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), C. De Rossi(European Gravitational Observatory), R. DeSalvo(University of Sannio), O. de Varona(Leibniz University Hannover), S. Dhurandhar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), M. C. Díaz(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), M. Diaz-Ortiz(University of Florida), N. A. Didio(Syracuse University), Tim Dietrich(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), L. Di Fiore(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), C. DiFronzo(University of Birmingham), C. Di Giorgio(University of Salerno), F. Di Giovanni(Universitat de València), M. Di Giovanni(University of Trento), T. Di Girolamo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), A. Di Lieto(University of Pisa), B. Ding(Université Libre de Bruxelles), S. Di Pace(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), I. Di Palma(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), F. Di Renzo(University of Pisa), A. K. Divakarla(University of Florida), A. Dmitriev(University of Birmingham), Z. Doctor(University of Oregon), L. D’Onofrio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), F. Donovan(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), K. L. Dooley(Cardiff University), S. Doravari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), I. Dorrington(Cardiff University), T. P. Downes(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), M. Drago(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du(Tsinghua University), J.-G. Ducoin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Dupej(University of Glasgow), O. Durante(University of Salerno), D. D’Urso(University of Sassari), P.-A. Duverne(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. E. Dwyer, P. J. Easter(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), G. Eddolls(University of Glasgow), B. Edelman(University of Oregon), T. B. Edo(University of Sheffield), O. Edy(University of Portsmouth), A. Effler(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), J. Eichholz(Australian National University), S. S. Eikenberry(University of Florida), M. Eisenmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. A. Eisenstein(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), A. Ejlli(Cardiff University), L. Errico(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), R. C. Essick(University of Chicago), H. Estellés(Universitat de les Illes Balears), D. Estevez(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Z. B. Etienne(West Virginia University), T. Etzel(California Institute of Technology), M. Evans(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), T. M. Evans(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), B. E. Ewing(Pennsylvania State University), V. Fafone(University of Rome Tor Vergata), H. Fair(Syracuse University), S. Fairhurst(Cardiff University), X. Fan(Tsinghua University), A. M. Farah(University of Chicago), S. Farinon(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), B. Farr(University of Oregon), Will M. Farr(Flatiron Health (United States)), E. J. Fauchon-Jones(Cardiff University), M. Favata(Montclair State University), M. Fays(University of Liège), M. Fazio(Colorado State University), J. Feicht(California Institute of Technology), M. M. Fejer(Stanford University), Fan Feng(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E. Fenyvesi(HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research), D. L. Ferguson(Georgia Institute of Technology), A. Fernandez-Galiana(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), I. Ferrante(University of Pisa), T. A. Ferreira(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), F. Fidecaro(University of Pisa), P. Figura(University of Warsaw), I. Fiori(European Gravitational Observatory), D. Fiorucci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), M. Fishbach(University of Chicago), R. P. Fisher(Christopher Newport University), J. M. Fishner(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), R. Fittipaldi(University of Salerno), M. Fitz-Axen(University of Minnesota), V. Fiumara(University of Basilicata), R. Flaminio(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E. Floden(University of Minnesota), E. Flynn(California State University, Fullerton), H. Fong(The University of Tokyo), José A. Font(Universitat de València), P. W. F. Forsyth(Australian National University), J.-D. Fournier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Frasca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), F. Frasconi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), Z. Frei(Eötvös Loránd University), A. Freise(University of Birmingham), R. Frey(University of Oregon), R. Frey(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Fritschel(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), V. V. Frolov(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), G. G. Fronzé(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), P. Fulda(University of Florida), M. Fyffe(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), H. A. Gabbard(University of Glasgow), B. U. Gadre(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), S. M. Gaebel(University of Birmingham), J. R. Gair(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), J. Gais(Chinese University of Hong Kong), S. Galaudage(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), Rossella Gamba(Friedrich Schiller University Jena), D. Ganapathy(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), A. Ganguly(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), S. G. Gaonkar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), B. Garaventa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), C. García-Quirós(Universitat de les Illes Balears), F. Garufi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), B. Gateley, S. Gaudio(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), V. Gayathri(University of Florida), G. Gemme(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), A. Gennai(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), D. George(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), J. George(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), L. Gergely(University of Szeged), S. Ghonge(Georgia Institute of Technology), Abhirup Ghosh(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), Archisman Ghosh(Leiden University), S. Ghosh(Montclair State University), Bruno Giacomazzo(Brera Astronomical Observatory), L. Giacoppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), J. A. Giaime(Louisiana State University), K. D. Giardina(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Des Gibson(University of the West of Scotland), C. Gier(University of Strathclyde), K. Gill(Columbia University), P. Giri(University of Pisa), J. Glanzer(Louisiana State University), A. E. Gleckl(California State University, Fullerton), P. Godwin(Pennsylvania State University), E. Goetz(University of British Columbia), E. Goetz(University of Florida), N. Gohlke(Leibniz University Hannover), B. Goncharov(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), G. González(Louisiana State University), A. Gopakumar(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), S. E. Gossan(California Institute of Technology), M. Gosselin(University of Pisa), R. Gouaty(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), B. Grace(Australian National University), A. Grado(Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte), M. Granata(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), V. Granata(University of Salerno), A. Grant(University of Glasgow), S. Gras(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), P. Grassia(California Institute of Technology), C. Gray, R. Gray(University of Glasgow), G. Greco(University of Urbino), A. C. Green(University of Florida), R. Green(Cardiff University), E. M. Gretarsson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), H. L. Griggs(Georgia Institute of Technology), G. Grignani(University of Perugia), A. Grimaldi(University of Trento), E. Grimes(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), S. J. Grimm(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), H. Grote(Cardiff University), S. Grünewald(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), P. Grüning(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. G. Guerrero(California State University, Fullerton), G. M. Guidi(University of Urbino), A. R. Guimaraes(Louisiana State University), G. Guixé(Universitat de Barcelona), H. K. Gulati(Institute for Plasma Research), Y. Guo(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), Anchal Gupta(California Institute of Technology), Anuradha Gupta(Pennsylvania State University), Anchal Gupta(Utrecht University), E. K. Gustafson(California Institute of Technology), R. Gustafson(University of Michigan), Felipe Guzmán(University of Arizona), L. Haegel(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), O. Halim(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), E. D. Hall(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Z. Hamilton(Cardiff University), G. Hammond(University of Glasgow), M. Haney(University of Zurich), M. M. Hanke(Leibniz University Hannover), J. Hanks, C. Hanna(Pennsylvania State University), O. A. Hannuksela(Chinese University of Hong Kong), O. A. Hannuksela(Utrecht University), H. Hansen, T. J. Hansen(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), J. Hanson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), T. Harder(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), T. Hardwick(Louisiana State University), K. Haris(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), J. Harms(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), I. W. Harry(American University), I. W. Harry(University of Portsmouth), D. Hartwig(Universität Hamburg), R. K. Hasskew(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), C.‐J. Haster(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), K. Haughian(University of Glasgow), F. J. Hayes(University of Glasgow), J. Healy(Rochester Institute of Technology), A. Heidmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. C. Heintze(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), J. Heinze(Leibniz University Hannover), J. Heinzel(Carleton College), H. Heitmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), F. Hellman(University of California, Berkeley), P. Hello(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. F. Helmling-Cornell(University of Oregon), G. Hemming(European Gravitational Observatory), M. Hendry(University of Glasgow), I. S. Heng(University of Glasgow), E. Hennes(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), J. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover), M. H. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover), F. Hernandez Vivanco(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. Heurs(Leibniz University Hannover), S. Hild(Maastricht University), P. Hill(University of Strathclyde), A. S. Hines(University of Arizona), S. Hochheim(Leibniz University Hannover), E. Hofgard(Stanford University), D. Hofman(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), J. N. Hohmann(Universität Hamburg), A. M. Holgado(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), N. A. Holland(Australian National University), I. J. Hollows(University of Sheffield), Z. J. Holmes(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), K. Holt(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), D. E. Holz(University of Chicago), Philip F. Hopkins(Cardiff University), C. Horst(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), J. Hough(University of Glasgow), E. J. Howell(The University of Western Australia), C. G. Hoy(Cardiff University), D. Hoyland(University of Birmingham), Y.-J. Huang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), M. T. Hübner(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), A. D. Huddart(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), E. A. Huerta(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), B. Hughey(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), V. Hui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Husa(Universitat de les Illes Balears), S. H. Huttner(University of Glasgow), B. M. Hutzler(Louisiana State University), R. Huxford(Pennsylvania State University), T. Huynh–Dinh(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), B. Idźkowski(University of Warsaw), A. Iess(University of Rome Tor Vergata), S. Imperato(Northwestern University), H. Inchauspe(University of Florida), C. Ingram(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), G. Intini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), M. Isi(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), B. R. Iyer(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), V. JaberianHamedan(The University of Western Australia), T. Jacqmin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. J. Jadhav(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)), S. J. Jadhav(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), A. L. James(Cardiff University), K. Jani(Georgia Institute of Technology), K. Janssens(University of Antwerp), N. N. Janthalur(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)), P. Jaranowski(University of Białystok), Deep Jariwala(University of Florida), R. Jaume(Universitat de les Illes Balears), A. C. Jenkins(University of London), M. Jeunon(University of Minnesota), J. Jiang(University of Florida), G. R. Johns(Christopher Newport University), A. W. Jones(University of Birmingham), D. I. Jones(University of Southampton), J. D. Jones, P. Jones(University of Birmingham), R. W. L. Jones(University of Glasgow), R. J. G. Jonker(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), L. Ju(The University of Western Australia), J. Junker(Leibniz University Hannover), C. V. Kalaghatgi(Cardiff University), V. Kalogera(Northwestern University), B. Kamai(California Institute of Technology), S. Kandhasamy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), G. Kang(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information), J. B. Kanner(California Institute of Technology), S. J. Kapadia(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), D. P. Kapasi(Australian National University), C. Karathanasis(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), S. Karki(Missouri University of Science and Technology), Rahul Kashyap(Pennsylvania State University), M. Kasprzack(California Institute of Technology), W. Kastaun(Leibniz University Hannover), S. Katsanevas(European Gravitational Observatory), E. Katsavounidis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), W. Katzman(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), K. Kawabe, F. Kéfélian(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Keitel(Universitat de les Illes Balears), J. S. Key(University of Washington Bothell), S. Khadka(Stanford University), F. Y. Khalili(Lomonosov Moscow State University), I. Khan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), S. Khan(Cardiff University), Е. А. Хазанов(Institute of Applied Physics), N. Khetan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), M. Khursheed(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), N. Kijbunchoo(Australian National University), C. Kim(Ewha Womans University), G. J. Kim(Georgia Institute of Technology), J. C. Kim(Inje University), K. Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), W. S. Kim(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences), Y.-M. Kim(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology), C. Kimball(Northwestern University), Peter King, M. Kinley-Hanlon(University of Glasgow), R. Kirchhoff(Leibniz University Hannover), J. S. Kissel, L. Kleybolte(Universität Hamburg), S. Klimenko(University of Florida), T. D. Knowles(West Virginia University), E. Knyazev(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), P. Koch(Leibniz University Hannover), S. M. Koehlenbeck(Leibniz University Hannover), G. Koekoek(Maastricht University), S. Koley(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), M. Kolstein(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), K. Komori(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), V. Kondrashov(California Institute of Technology), A. Kontos(Bard College), N. Koper(Leibniz University Hannover), M. Korobko(Universität Hamburg), W. Z. Korth(California Institute of Technology), M. Kovalam(The University of Western Australia), D. B. Kozak(California Institute of Technology), C. Krämer(Leibniz University Hannover), V. Kringel(Leibniz University Hannover), N. V. Krishnendu(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Królak(National Centre for Nuclear Research), A. Królak(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Kumar(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)), P. Kumar(Cornell University), Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar(Institute for Plasma Research), K. Kuns(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. Kwang(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), B. D. Lackey(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), D. Laghi(University of Pisa), É. Lalande(Polytechnique Montréal), T. L. Lam(Chinese University of Hong Kong), A. Lamberts(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Landry, B. B. Lane(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), R. N. Lang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), J. Lange(Rochester Institute of Technology), B. Lantz(Stanford University), R. K. Lanza(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), I. La Rosa(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Lartaux-Vollard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. D. Lasky(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. Laxen(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), A. Lazzarini(California Institute of Technology), C. Lazzaro(University of Padua), P. Leaci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), S. Leavey(Leibniz University Hannover), Y. K. Lecoeuche, Hyung Mok Lee(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), H. W. Lee(Inje University), J. Lee(Seoul National University), H. K. Lee(Stanford University), J. Lehmann(Leibniz University Hannover), E. León(California State University, Fullerton), N. Leroy(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), N. Letendre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Y. Levin(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), A. Li(California Institute of Technology), J. Li(Tsinghua University), K. J. L. Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong), T. G. F. Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong), X. Li(California Institute of Technology), F. Linde(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), S. D. Linker(California State University Los Angeles), J. N. Linley(University of Glasgow), T. B. Littenberg(Marshall Space Flight Center), J. Liu(Leibniz University Hannover), X. Liu(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), M. Llorens-Monteagudo(Universitat de València), R. K. L. Lo(California Institute of Technology), A. Lockwood(University of Washington), L. T. London(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), A. Longo(Roma Tre University), M. Lorenzini(University of Rome Tor Vergata), V. Loriette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Lormand(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), G. Losurdo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), J. D. Lough(Leibniz University Hannover), C. O. Loustó(Rochester Institute of Technology), Geoffrey Lovelace(California State University, Fullerton), H. Lück(Leibniz University Hannover), D. Lumaca(University of Rome Tor Vergata), A. P. Lundgren(University of Portsmouth), Y. Ma(California Institute of Technology), R. Macas(Cardiff University), M. MacInnis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), D. M. Macleod(Cardiff University), I. A. O. MacMillan(California Institute of Technology), A. Macquet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. Magaña Hernandez(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), F. Magaña‐Sandoval(University of Florida), C. Magazzù(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), R. M. Magee(Pennsylvania State University), E. Majorana(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), I. Maksimovic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Maliakal(California Institute of Technology), A. Malik(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), N. Man(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), V. Mandic(University of Minnesota), V. Mangano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), G. L. Mansell(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), M. Manske(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), M. Mantovani(European Gravitational Observatory), Michela Mapelli(University of Padua), F. Marchesoni(Università di Camerino), F. Marion(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Szabolcs Márka(Columbia University), Z. Márka(Columbia University), C. Markakis(University of Cambridge), A. S. Markosyan(Stanford University), A. Markowitz(California Institute of Technology), E. Maros(California Institute of Technology), Antonio Marquina(Universitat de València), S. Marsat(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), F. Martelli(University of Urbino), I. W. Martin(University of Glasgow), R. M. Martin(Montclair State University), M. Martı́nez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), V. Martínez(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), Д. В. Мартынов(University of Birmingham), H. Masalehdan(Universität Hamburg), K. Mason(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Massera(University of Sheffield), A. Masserot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), T. J. Massinger(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), M. Masso‐Reid(University of Glasgow), S. Mastrogiovanni(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Matas(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), M. Mateu-Lucena(Universitat de les Illes Balears), F. Matichard(California Institute of Technology), M. Matiushechkina(Leibniz University Hannover), N. Mavalvala(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Maynard(Louisiana State University), J. J. McCann(The University of Western Australia), R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland(Australian National University), S. McCormick(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), L. McCuller(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. C. McGuire(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College), C. McIsaac(University of Portsmouth), J. McIver(University of British Columbia), D. J. McManus(Australian National University), T. McRae(Australian National University), S. T. McWilliams(West Virginia University), D. Meacher(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), G. D. Meadors(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. Mehmet(Leibniz University Hannover), A. K. Mehta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), A. Melatos(The University of Melbourne), D. A. Melchor(California State University, Fullerton), G. Mendell, A. Menéndez-Vázquez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), R. A. Mercer(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), L. Mereni(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), K. Merfeld(University of Oregon), E. L. Merilh, J. D. Merritt(University of Oregon), M. Merzougui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Meshkov(California Institute of Technology), C. Messenger(University of Glasgow), C. Messick(The University of Texas at Austin), R. Metzdorff(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. M. Meyers(The University of Melbourne), F. Meylahn(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Mhaske(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), A. Miani(University of Trento), H. Miao(University of Birmingham), I. Michaloliakos(University of Florida), C. Michel(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), H. Middleton(The University of Melbourne), L. Milano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), A. L. Miller(University of Florida), Simona J. Miller(Smith College), M. Millhouse(The University of Melbourne), J. C. Mills(Cardiff University), E. Milotti(University of Trieste), M. C. Milovich-Goff(California State University Los Angeles), O. Minazzoli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Y. Minenkov(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), Ll. M. Mir(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), A. Mishkin(University of Florida), C. Mishra(Indian Institute of Technology Madras), T. Mistry(University of Sheffield), S. Mitra(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), O. Miyakawa(Lomonosov Moscow State University), G. Mitselmakher(University of Florida), R. Mittleman(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), G. Mo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), K. Mogushi(Missouri University of Science and Technology), S. R. P. Mohapatra(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. R. Mohite(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), I. Molina(California State University, Fullerton), M. Molina-Ruiz(University of California, Berkeley), M. Mondin(California State University Los Angeles), M. Montani(University of Urbino), C. J. Moore(University of Birmingham), D. Moraru, F. Morawski(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), G. Moreno, S. Morisaki(The University of Tokyo), B. Mours(Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien), C. M. Mow–Lowry(University of Birmingham), S. Mozzon(University of Portsmouth), F. Muciaccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), Arunava Mukherjee(University of Glasgow), D. Mukherjee(Pennsylvania State University), Soma Mukherjee(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), S. Mukherjee(Institute for Plasma Research), N. Mukund(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Mullavey(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), J. Münch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), E. A. Muñiz(Syracuse University), P. G. Murray(University of Glasgow), S. L. Nadji(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Nagar(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), I. Nardecchia(University of Rome Tor Vergata), L. Naticchioni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), R. K. Nayak(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata), B. F. Neil(The University of Western Australia), J. Neilson(University of Sannio), G. Nelemans(Radboud University Nijmegen), T. J. N. Nelson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), M. Nery(Leibniz University Hannover), A. Neunzert(University of Washington Bothell), K. Y. Ng(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. Ng(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), C. Nguyen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Nguyen(University of Oregon), T. Nguyen(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. A. Nichols(Louisiana State University), S. Nissanke(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), F. Nocera(European Gravitational Observatory), Minkyun Noh(University of British Columbia), C. North(Cardiff University), D. Nothard(Kenyon College), L. K. Nuttall(University of Portsmouth), J. Oberling, P. T. O’Brien(University of Florida), J. O’Dell(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), G. Oganesyan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), G. H. Ogin(Whitman College), J. J. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences), S. H. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences), F. Ohme(Leibniz University Hannover), H. Ohta(The University of Tokyo), M. A. Okada(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), C. Olivetto(European Gravitational Observatory), P. Oppermann(Leibniz University Hannover), Richard J. Oram(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), B. O’Reilly(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), R. G. Ormiston(University of Minnesota), N. D. Ormsby(Christopher Newport University), L. F. Ortega(University of Florida), R. O’Shaughnessy(Rochester Institute of Technology), Serguei Ossokine(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), C. Osthelder(California Institute of Technology), D. J. Ottaway(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), H. Overmier(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), B. J. Owen(Texas Tech University), A. E. Pace(Pennsylvania State University), G. Pagano(University of Pisa), M. A. Page(The University of Western Australia), G. Pagliaroli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), A. Pai(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay), S. A. Pai(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), J. R. Palamos(University of Oregon), O. Palashov(Institute of Applied Physics), C. Palomba(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), H. Pan(National Tsing Hua University), K. Pan(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)), T. H. Pang(Utrecht University), C. Pankow(Northwestern University), F. Pannarale(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), B. C. Pant(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), F. Paoletti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), A. Paoli(European Gravitational Observatory), A. Paolone(Institute for Complex Systems), W. Parker(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College), D. Pascucci(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), A. Pasqualetti(European Gravitational Observatory), R. Passaquieti(University of Pisa), D. Passuello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), M. Patel(Christopher Newport University), B. Patricelli(University of Pisa), E. Payne(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), T. C. Pechsiri(University of Florida), M. Pedraza(California Institute of Technology), M. Pegoraro(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova), A. Pele(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), S. Penn(Hobart and William Smith Colleges), Albino Perego(University of Trento), C. J. Perez, C. Périgois(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Perreca(University of Trento), S. Perriès(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), J. Petermann(Universität Hamburg), D. Petterson(California Institute of Technology), Harald Pfeiffer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), K. A. Pham(University of Minnesota), K. S. Phukon(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), O. J. Piccinni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), M. Pichot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Piendibene(University of Pisa), F. Piergiovanni(University of Urbino), L. Pierini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), V. Pierro(University of Sannio), G. Pillant(European Gravitational Observatory), F. Pilo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa), L. Pinard(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), I. M. Pinto(University of Sannio), K. Piotrzkowski(UCLouvain), M. Pirello, M. Pitkin(Lancaster University), E. Placidi(Sapienza University of Rome), W. Plastino(Roma Tre University), C. Pluchar(University of Arizona), R. Poggiani(University of Pisa), E. Polini(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Y. T. Pong(Chinese University of Hong Kong), S. Ponrathnam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), P. Popolizio(European Gravitational Observatory), E. K. Porter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Poverman(Bard College), J. Powell(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), M. Pracchia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. K. Prajapati(Institute for Plasma Research), K. Prasai(Stanford University), R. Prasanna(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.)), G. Pratten(University of Birmingham), T. Prestegard(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), M. Principe(University of Sannio), G. A. Prodi(University of Trento), L. Prokhorov(University of Birmingham), P. Prosposito(University of Rome Tor Vergata), A. Puecher(Utrecht University), M. Punturo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia), F. Puosi(University of Pisa), P. Puppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), M. Pürrer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), H. Qi(Cardiff University), V. Quetschke(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), P. J. Quinonez(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), R. Quitzow-James(Missouri University of Science and Technology), F. J. Raab, G. Raaijmakers(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), H. Radkins, N. Radulesco(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. Raffai(Eötvös Loránd University), H. Rafferty(Trinity University), S. X. Rail(Polytechnique Montréal), S. Raja(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), C. Rajan(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), B. Rajbhandari(Texas Tech University), M. Rakhmanov(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), K. E. Ramirez(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), T. D. Ramirez(California State University, Fullerton), A. Ramos-Buades(Universitat de les Illes Balears), J. Rana(Pennsylvania State University), K. Rao(Northwestern University), P. Rapagnani(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), Umakant D. Rapol(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune), B. Ratto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), V. Raymond(Cardiff University), M. Razzano(University of Pisa), J. Read(California State University, Fullerton), T. Regimbau(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), L. Rei(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), S. Reid(University of Strathclyde), D. H. Reitze(California Institute of Technology), P. Rettegno(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), F. Ricci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I), C. J. Richardson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), J. W. Richardson(California Institute of Technology), L. Richardson(University of Arizona), P. M. Ricker(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), G. Riemenschneider(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), K. Riles(University of Michigan), M. Rizzo(Northwestern University), N. A. Robertson(California Institute of Technology), F. Robinet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Rocchi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), J. A. Rocha(California State University, Fullerton), S. Rodriguez(California State University, Fullerton), R. D. Rodriguez-Soto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), L. Rolland(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. G. Rollins(California Institute of Technology), V. J. Roma(University of Oregon), M. Romanelli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. Romano(University of Salerno), C. L. Romel, A. Romero(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), I. M. Romero-Shaw(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), J. H. Romie(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), S. Ronchini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), C. A. Rose(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), D. Rose(California State University, Fullerton), K. Rose(Kenyon College), M. J. Bustamante-Rosell(The University of Texas at Austin), D. Rosińska(University of Warsaw), S. G. Rosofsky(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), M. P. Ross(University of Washington), S. Rowan(University of Glasgow), S. J. Rowlinson(University of Birmingham), Santosh Roy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), Soumen Roy(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar), P. Ruggi(European Gravitational Observatory), K. Ryan, S. Sachdev(Pennsylvania State University), T. Sadecki, Mairi Sakellariadou(University of London), O. S. Salafia(Brera Astronomical Observatory), L. Salconi(European Gravitational Observatory), M. Saleem(Chennai Mathematical Institute), A. Samajdar(Utrecht University), E. J. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology), J. H. Sanchez(California State University, Fullerton), L. E. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology), N. Sanchis-Gual(University of Lisbon), J. R. Sanders(Marquette University), K. A. Santiago(Montclair State University), Edivaldo Moura Santos(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), T. R. Saravanan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), N. Sarin(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), B. Sassolas(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), B. S. Sathyaprakash(Pennsylvania State University), O. Sauter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. L. Savage, V. Savant(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), D. Sawant(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay), S. Sayah(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), D. Schaetzl(California Institute of Technology), P. Schale(University of Oregon), M. Scheel(California Institute of Technology), Jacob Scheuer(Northwestern University), A. Schindler-Tyka(University of Florida), P. Schmidt(University of Birmingham), R. Schnabel(Universität Hamburg), R. M. S. Schofield(University of Oregon), A. Schönbeck(Universität Hamburg), E. Schreiber(Leibniz University Hannover), B. W. Schulte(Leibniz University Hannover), B. F. Schutz(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), O. Schwarm(Whitman College), E. Schwartz(Cardiff University), J. Scott(University of Glasgow), S. M. Scott(Australian National University), M. Seglar-Arroyo(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E. Seidel(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), D. Sellers(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), A. S. Sengupta(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar), N. Sennett(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), D. Sentenac(European Gravitational Observatory), V. Sequino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), A. Sergeev(Institute of Applied Physics), Y. Setyawati(Leibniz University Hannover), T. Shaffer, M. S. Shahriar(Northwestern University), Safura Sharifi(Louisiana State University), A. Sharma(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), P. Sharma(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), P. Shawhan(University of Maryland, College Park), H. Shen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), M. Shikauchi(The University of Tokyo), R. Shink(Polytechnique Montréal), D. H. Shoemaker(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), D. M. Shoemaker(Georgia Institute of Technology), Khemraj Shukla(University of California, Berkeley), S. ShyamSundar(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), M. Sieniawska(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), D. Sigg, L. P. Singer(Goddard Space Flight Center), N. Singh(Pennsylvania State University), N. Singh(University of Warsaw), A. Singha(Maastricht University), A. Singhal(Gran Sasso Science Institute), A. M. Sintes(Universitat de les Illes Balears), N. Singh(University of Sassari), V. Skliris(Cardiff University), B. J. J. Slagmolen(Australian National University), T. J. Slaven-Blair(The University of Western Australia), J. Smetana(University of Birmingham), J. R. Smith(California State University, Fullerton), R. J. E. Smith(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), S. Somala(Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad), E. J. Son(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences), K. Soni(Louisiana State University), B. Sorazu(University of Glasgow), V. Sordini(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), F. Sorrentino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova), N. Sorrentino(University of Pisa), R. Soulard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), T. Souradeep(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune), E. Sowell(Texas Tech University), A. P. Spencer(University of Glasgow), Mario Spera(Northwestern University), A. K. Srivastava(Institute for Plasma Research), V. Srivastava(Syracuse University), K. Staats(Northwestern University), C. Stachie(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. A. Steer(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Steinke(Leibniz University Hannover), J. Steinlechner(Maastricht University), S. Steinlechner(Maastricht University), D. Steinmeyer(Leibniz University Hannover), S. P. Stevenson(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), G. Stolle-McAllister(Kenyon College), D. J. Stops(University of Birmingham), M. Stover(Kenyon College), K. A. Strain(University of Glasgow), G. Stratta(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze), A. Strunk, R. Sturani(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte), A. L. Stuver(Villanova University), J. Südbeck(Universität Hamburg), S. Sudhagar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), V. Sudhir(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), H. G. Suh(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), T. Z. Summerscales(Andrews University), L. Sun(The University of Western Australia), L. Sun(California Institute of Technology), L. Sun(Institute for Plasma Research), A. Sur(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center), J. Suresh(The University of Tokyo), P. J. Sutton(Cardiff University), B. L. Swinkels(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), M. J. Szczepańczyk(University of Florida), M. Tacca(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), S. C. Tait(University of Glasgow), C. Talbot(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), A. J. Tanasijczuk(UCLouvain), D. B. Tanner(University of Florida), D. Tao(California Institute of Technology), A. Tapia(California State University, Fullerton), E. N. Tapia San Martín(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), J. D. Tasson(Carleton College), R. Taylor(California Institute of Technology), R. Tenorio(Universitat de les Illes Balears), L. Terkowski(Universität Hamburg), M. P. Thirugnanasambandam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), L. M. Thomas(University of Birmingham), M. Thomas(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), P. Thomas, J. E. Thompson(Cardiff University), S. R. Thondapu(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), K. A. Thorne(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), E. Thrane(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), Shubhanshu Tiwari(University of Zurich), Srishti Tiwari(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), V. Tiwari(Cardiff University), K. Toland(University of Glasgow), A. E. Tolley(University of Portsmouth), M. Tonelli(University of Pisa), Z. Tornasi(University of Glasgow), A. Torres-Forné(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), C. I. Torrie(California Institute of Technology), I. Tosta e Melo(University of Sassari), D. Töyrä(Australian National University), Anh Thi Tran(Bellevue College), A. Trapananti(Università di Camerino), F. Travasso(Università di Camerino), G. Traylor(LIGO Scientific Collaboration), M. C. Tringali(University of Warsaw), A. Tripathee(University of Michigan), A. Trovato(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. J. Trudeau(California Institute of Technology), D. Tsai(National Tsing Hua University), K. W. Tsang(University of Groningen), M. Tse(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), R. Tso(California Institute of Technology), Leo Tsukada(The University of Tokyo), D. Tsuna(The University of Tokyo), T. Tsutsui(The University of Tokyo), M. Turconi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. S. Ubhi(University of Birmingham), R. P. Udall(Georgia Institute of Technology), K. Ueno(The University of Tokyo), D. Ugolini(Trinity University), B. Krishnan(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), A. L. Urban(Louisiana State University), S. A. Usman(University of Chicago), A. Utina(Maastricht University), H. Vahlbruch(Leibniz University Hannover), G. Vajente(California Institute of Technology), A. Vajpeyi(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), G. Valdés(Louisiana State University), M. Valentini(University of Trento), V. Valsan(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), N. van Bakel(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), M. van Beuzekom(Maastricht University), J. F. J. van den Brand(Utrecht University), C. Van Den Broeck(Syracuse University), D. C. Vander‐Hyde(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), L. van der Schaaf(The University of Western Australia), J. V. van Heijningen(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), M. Vardaro(The University of Melbourne), A. F. Vargas(California Institute of Technology), Vijay Varma(California Institute of Technology), S. Vass(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics), M. Vasúth(University of Birmingham), A. Vecchio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova), G. Vedovato(University of Glasgow), J. Veitch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), J. Veitch(University of Washington), K. Venkateswara(Leibniz University Hannover), J. Venneberg(California Institute of Technology), G. Venugopalan(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), D. Verkindt(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), Y. Verma(Columbia University), Doğa Veske(University of Urbino), F. Vetrano(University of Urbino), A. Viceré(Concordia University Wisconsin), A. D. Viets(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), V. Villa-Ortega(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J.-Y. Vinet(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), S. Vitale(Syracuse University), T. Vo(University of Perugia), H. Vocca, C. Vorvick(Lomonosov Moscow State University), S. P. Vyatchanin(Australian National University), A. R. Wade(Kenyon College), L. E. Wade(Kenyon College), M. Wade(National Institute for Subatomic Physics), R. Walet(Christopher Newport University), M. Walker(University of Strathclyde), G. S. Wallace(California Institute of Technology), L. Wallace(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), S. Walsh(University of Michigan), J. Z. Wang(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), M. S. Wang(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), W. H. Wang(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Y. F. Wang(Australian National University), R. L. Ward, J. Warner(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Wąs(California Institute of Technology), N. Y. Washington(Université Libre de Bruxelles), J. Watchi, B. Weaver(Leibniz University Hannover), L.‐W. Wei(Leibniz University Hannover), M. Weinert(California Institute of Technology), A. J. Weinstein(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), R. Weiss(Leibniz University Hannover), F. Wellmann(The University of Western Australia), L. Wen(Leibniz University Hannover), P. Weßels(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), J. W. Westhouse(Australian National University), K. Wette(Rochester Institute of Technology), J. T. Whelan(California State University, Fullerton), Dave D. White(Syracuse University), L. V. White(University of Florida), B. F. Whiting(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), C. Whittle(Leibniz University Hannover), D. M. Wilken(University of Glasgow), D. R. Williams(University of Glasgow), M. J. Williams(University of Portsmouth), A. R. Williamson(California Institute of Technology), J. L. Willis(Leibniz University Hannover), B. Willke(University of Arizona), D. J. Wilson(Leibniz University Hannover), M. H. Wimmer(Leibniz University Hannover), W. Winkler(California Institute of Technology), C. C. Wipf(University of Glasgow), G. Woan(Leibniz University Hannover), J. Woehler(Rochester Institute of Technology), J. K. Wofford(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Isaac Wong(Leibniz University Hannover), J. S. A. von Wrangel(University of Glasgow), J. L. Wright(Leibniz University Hannover), D. S. Wu(Rochester Institute of Technology), D. M. Wysocki(California Institute of Technology), S. Xiao(California Institute of Technology), H. Yamamoto(Colorado State University), L. Yang(University of Florida), Yu-Han Yang(University of Minnesota), Z. Yang(Australian National University), M. J. Yap(Cardiff University), D. W. Yeeles(Christopher Newport University), A. S. Yoon(California Institute of Technology), Hang Yu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Haocun Yu(Chinese University of Hong Kong), S. H. R. Yuen(National Centre for Nuclear Research), A. Zadrożny(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), M. Zanolin(European Gravitational Observatory), T. Zelenova(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova), J.‐P. Zendri(Northwestern University), M. Zevin(The University of Western Australia), J. Zhang(California Institute of Technology), L. Zhang(University of Florida), R. Zhang(University of Birmingham), T. Zhang(The University of Western Australia), C. Zhao(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Gong‐Bo Zhao(Northwestern University), M. Zhou(Northwestern University), Z. Zhou(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery), X. J. Zhu(The University of Texas at Austin), Aaron Zimmerman(California Institute of Technology), M. E. Zucker(California Institute of Technology), J. Zweizig
Cited by 910Open Access
Abstract
Abstract We report on the population of 47 compact binary mergers detected with a false-alarm rate of < <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>yr</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> in the second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. We observe several characteristics of the merging binary black hole (BBH) population not discernible until now. First, the primary mass spectrum contains structure beyond a power law with a sharp high-mass cutoff; it is more consistent with a broken power law with a break at <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>39.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>9.1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>20.3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> or a power law with a Gaussian feature peaking at <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>33.1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> (90% credible interval). While the primary mass distribution must extend to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>65</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> or beyond, only <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> of systems have primary masses greater than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>45</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊙</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . Second, we find that a fraction of BBH systems have component spins misaligned with the orbital angular momentum, giving rise to precession of the orbital plane. Moreover, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:math> %– <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>44</mml:mn> </mml:math> % of BBH systems have spins tilted by more than 90°, giving rise to a negative effective inspiral spin parameter, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>χ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . Under the assumption that such systems can only be formed by dynamical interactions, we infer that between 25% and 93% of BBHs with nonvanishing <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">∣</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>χ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>eff</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">∣</mml:mo> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn> </mml:math> are dynamically assembled. Third, we estimate merger rates, finding <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi class="MJX-tex-calligraphic" mathvariant="script">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>BBH</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>23.9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>14.3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Gpc</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mro
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