Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole
Dimitrios Psaltis(University of Arizona), Lia Medeiros(Institute for Advanced Study), Pierre Christian(University of Arizona), Feryal Özel(University of Arizona), Kazunori Akiyama(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Antxon Alberdi(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), W. Alef(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Keiichi Asada(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rebecca Azulay(Universitat de València), David Ball(University of Arizona), Mislav Baloković(Woodwell Climate Research Center), John Barrett(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dan Bintley(East Asian Observatory), Lindy Blackburn(Woodwell Climate Research Center), W. Boland(Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie), Geoffrey C. Bower(University of Hawaii at Hilo), Michael Bremer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Christiaan D. Brinkerink(Radboud University Nijmegen), Roger Brissenden(Woodwell Climate Research Center), S. Britzen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Dominique Broguière(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Thomas Bronzwaer(Radboud University Nijmegen), Do‐Young Byun(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), J. E. Carlstrom(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Andrew Chael(Princeton University), Chi‐kwan Chan(University of Arizona), Shami Chatterjee(Cornell University), Koushik Chatterjee(University of Amsterdam), Ming‐Tang Chen(University of Hawaii at Hilo), Xiaopeng Cheng(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Ilje Cho(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), J. E. Conway(Chalmers University of Technology), J. M. Cordes(Cornell University), G. Crew(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Yuzhu Cui(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Jordy Davelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Goethe University Frankfurt), Roger Deane(Rhodes University), Jessica Dempsey(East Asian Observatory), G. Desvignes(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Jason Dexter(Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Ralph P. Eatough(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Vincent L. Fish(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ed Fomalont(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Raquel Fraga-Encinas(Radboud University Nijmegen), Per Friberg(East Asian Observatory), Christian M. Fromm(Goethe University Frankfurt), Charles F. Gammie(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Roberto García(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Olivier Gentaz(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), C. Goddi(Leiden University), José L. Gómez(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), Minfeng Gu(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Mark Gurwell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Kazuhiro Hada(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Ronald Hesper(University of Groningen), Luis C. Ho(Peking University), Paul T. P. Ho(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Mareki Honma(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Chih-Wei L. Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lei Huang(Chinese Academy of Sciences), D. H. Hughes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Makoto Inoue(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Sara Issaoun(Radboud University Nijmegen), D. J. James(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Buell T. Jannuzi(University of Arizona), Michaël Janssen(Radboud University Nijmegen), Wu Jiang(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory), Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales(Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), Michael D. Johnson(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Svetlana G. Jorstad(Boston University), Taehyun Jung(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Mansour Karami(University of Waterloo), R. Karuppusamy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Tomohisa Kawashima(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Garrett K. Keating(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Mark Kettenis(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Jae-Young Kim(California Institute of Technology), Junhan Kim(California Institute of Technology), Jongsoo Kim(California Institute of Technology), Motoki Kino(Kogakuin University), Jun Yi Koay(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Patrick M. Koch(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Shoko Koyama(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), M. Krämer(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), C. Krämer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), T. P. Krichbaum(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Cheng‐Yu Kuo(National Sun Yat-sen University), Tod R. Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Yanrong Li(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Zhiyuan Li(Nanjing University), M. Lindqvist(Chalmers University of Technology), Rocco Lico(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jun Liu(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Kuo Liu(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Elisabetta Liuzzo(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Wen-Ping Lo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), A. P. Lobanov(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), C. J. Lonsdale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ru-Sen Lu(Chinese Academy of Sciences), J. Mao(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Sera Markoff(University of Amsterdam), Daniel P. Marrone(University of Arizona), Alan P. Marscher(Boston University), I. Martí‐Vidal(Universitat de València), Satoki Matsushita(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Yosuke Mizuno(Goethe University Frankfurt), Izumi Mizuno(East Asian Observatory), J. M. Moran(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Kotaro Moriyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Monika Mościbrodzka(Radboud University Nijmegen), Cornelia Müller(Radboud University Nijmegen), Gibwa Musoke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Alejandro Mus(Universitat de València), Hiroshi Nagai(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Neil M. Nagar(University of Concepción), Ramesh Narayan(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Gopal Narayanan(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Iniyan Natarajan(Rhodes University), R. Neri(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), A. Noutsos(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Hiroki Okino(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Héctor Olivares(Goethe University Frankfurt), Tomoaki Oyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Daniel C. M. Palumbo(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Jongho Park(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Nimesh Patel(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ue‐Li Pen(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Vincent Piétu(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), R. L. Plambeck(University of California, Berkeley), Aleksandar PopStefanija(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Ben Prather(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Jorge A. Preciado-López(Perimeter Institute), Venkatessh Ramakrishnan(University of Concepción), Ramprasad Rao(University of Hawaii at Hilo), Mark G. Rawlings(East Asian Observatory), Alexander W. Raymond(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Bart Ripperda(Princeton University), Freek Roelofs(Radboud University Nijmegen), A. E. E. Rogers(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Ros(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Mel Rose(University of Arizona), Arash Roshanineshat(University of Arizona), Helge Rottmann(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), A. L. Roy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Chet Ruszczyk(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Benjamin R. Ryan(Los Alamos National Laboratory), K. L. J. Rygl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), David Sánchez-Argüelles(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), David Sánchez-Argüelles(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Mahito Sasada(Hiroshima University), T. Savolainen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), F. Peter Schloerb(University of Massachusetts Amherst), K. Schüster(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Lijing Shao(Peking University), Zhiqiang Shen(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Des Small(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Bong Won Sohn(Yonsei University), Jason Soohoo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Fumie Tazaki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), R. P. J. Tilanus(Leiden University), Michael S. Titus(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Pablo Torné(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Tyler Trent(University of Arizona), Efthalia Traianou(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Sascha Trippe(Seoul National University), Ilse van Bemmel(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Huib Jan van Langevelde(Leiden University), Daniel R. van Rossum(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jan Wagner(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), J. F. C. Wardle(Brandeis University), D. Ward–Thompson(University of Lancashire), Jonathan Weintroub(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Norbert Wex(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Robert Wharton(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Maciek Wielgus(Woodwell Climate Research Center), George N. Wong(Los Alamos National Laboratory), Qingwen Wu(Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Doosoo Yoon(University of Amsterdam), André Young(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ken Young(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ziri Younsi(Goethe University Frankfurt), Feng Yuan(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Ye-Fei Yuan(University of Science and Technology of China), Shan-Shan Zhao(Radboud University Nijmegen)
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Abstract
We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 423 as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM/Dc 2 =3.80.4 as. Folding in a distance measurement of -+ 16.8 Mpc 0.7 0.8 gives a black hole mass of = | | M M 6.5 0.2 0.7 10 stat sys 9
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