The landscape of viral associations in human cancers
Marc Zapatka(German Cancer Research Center), Ivan Borozan(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Daniel S. Brewer(University of East Anglia), Murat Iskar(German Cancer Research Center), Adam Grundhoff(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Malik Alawi(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Nikita Desai(The Francis Crick Institute), Holger Sültmann(German Cancer Research Center), Holger Moch(University Hospital of Zurich), PCAWG Pathogens(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Malik Alawi(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Ivan Borozan(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Daniel S. Brewer(University of East Anglia), Colin S. Cooper(University of East Anglia), Nikita Desai(German Cancer Research Center), Roland Eils(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Vincent Ferretti(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Adam Grundhoff(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Murat Iskar(German Cancer Research Center), Kortine Kleinheinz(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Lichter(German Cancer Research Center), Hidewaki Nakagawa(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Akinyemi I. Ojesina(Broad Institute), Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu(German Cancer Research Center), Matthias Schlesner(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Xiaoping Su(German Cancer Research Center), Marc Zapatka(Institute of Cancer Research), Colin S. Cooper(University of East Anglia), Roland Eils(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Vincent Ferretti(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Peter Lichter(German Cancer Research Center), Lauri A. Aaltonen, Federico Abascal(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Adam Abeshouse, Hiroyuki Aburatani, David J. Adams, Nishant Agrawal, Keun Soo Ahn, Sung‐Min Ahn, Hiroshi Aikata, Rehan Akbani, Kadir C. Akdemir, Hikmat Al‐Ahmadie, Sultan T. Al‐Sedairy, Fátima Al‐Shahrour(Universität Hamburg), Malik Alawi(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Monique Albert, Kenneth Aldape, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Adrian Ally, Kathryn Alsop, Eva G. Álvarez, Fernanda Amary, Samirkumar B. Amin, Brice Aminou, Ole Ammerpohl, Matthew J. Anderson, Yeng Ang, Davide Antonello, Pavana Anur, Samuel Aparício, Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Yasuhito Arai, Axel Aretz, Koji Arihiro, Shun‐ichi Ariizumi, Joshua Armenia, Laurent Arnould, L. Sylvia, Yassen Assenov, Gurnit Atwal, Sietse Aukema, J. Todd Auman, Miriam R. R. Aure, Philip Awadalla, Marta Aymerich, Gary D. Bader, Adrian Baez‐Ortega, Matthew H. Bailey, Peter J. Bailey, Miruna Balasundaram, Saianand Balu, Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Rosamonde E. Banks, Stefano Barbi, Andrew P. Barbour, Jonathan Barenboim, Jill S. Barnholtz‐Sloan, Hugh Barr, Elisabet Barrera, John Bartlett, Javier Bartolomé, Claudio Bassi, Oliver F. Bathe(Earlham Institute), Daniel Baumhoer, Prashant Bavi, Stephen B. Baylin, Wojciech Bażant, Duncan Beardsmore, Tim Beck, Sam Behjati, Andreas Behren, Beifang Niu, Cindy Bell, Sergi Beltrán, Christopher C. Benz, Andrew Berchuck, Anke Bergmann, Erik N. Bergstrom, Benjamin P. Berman, Daniel M. Berney, Stephan H. Bernhart, Rameen Beroukhim, Mario Berríos, Samantha Bersani, Johanna Bertl, Miguel Betancourt, Vinayak Bhandari, Shriram G. Bhosle, Andrew V. Biankin(German Cancer Research Center), Matthias Bieg, Darell D. Bigner, Hans Binder, Ewan Birney, Michael J. Birrer, Nidhan K. Biswas, Bodil Bjerkehagen, Tom Bodenheimer, Lori Boice, Giada Bonizzato, Johann S. de Bono, Arnoud Boot, Moiz S. Bootwalla, Åke Borg, Arndt Borkhardt, Keith A. Boroevich(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Ivan Borozan(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Christoph W. Borst, Marcus Bosenberg, Mattia Bosio, Jacqueline Boultwood, Guillaume Bourque, Paul C. Boutros, G. Steven Bova, David Bowen, Reanne Bowlby, David D.L. Bowtell, Sandrine Boyault, Rich Boyce, Jeffrey M. Boyd, Alvis Brāzma, Paul M. Brennan(Earlham Institute), Daniel S. Brewer(University of East Anglia), Arie B. Brinkman, Robert G. Bristow, Russell R. Broaddus, Jane E. Brock, Malcolm V. Brock, Annegien Broeks, Angela N. Brooks, Denise Brooks, Benedikt Brors, Søren Brunak, Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Alicia L. Bruzos, Alex Buchanan, Ivo Buchhalter, Christiane Buchholz, Susan Bullman, Hazel Burke, Birgit Burkhardt, Kathleen H. Burns, John Busanovich, Carlos D. Bustamante, Adam P. Butler, Atul J. Butte, Niall J. Byrne, Anne‐Lise Børresen‐Dale, Rory Johnson, Andy Cafferkey, Declan Cahill, Claudia Calabrese, Carlos Caldas, Fabien Calvo, Niedzica Camacho, Peter J. Campbell, Elı́as Campo, Cinzia Cantù, Shaolong Cao, Thomas E. Carey, Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rebecca Carlsen, Ivana Cataldo, Mario Cazzola, Jonathan Cebon, Robert Cerfolio, Dianne Chadwick, Dimple Chakravarty, Drc Chalmers(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Calvin Wing Yiu Chan(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Kin Chan, Michelle Chan‐Seng‐Yue, Vishal S. Chandan, David K. Chang, Stephen J. Chanock, Lorraine A. Chantrill, Aurélien Chateigner, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Kazuaki Chayama, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Jieming Chen, Ken Chen, Yiwen Chen, Zhaohong Chen, Andrew D. Cherniack, Jeremy Chien, Yoke-Eng Chiew, Suet‐Feung Chin, Juok Cho, Sunghoon Cho, Jung Kyoon Choi, Wan Choi, Christine Chomienne, Zechen Chong, Su Pin Choo, Angela Chou, Angelika N. Christ, Elizabeth L. Christie, Eric Chuah, Carrie Cibulskis, Kristian Cibulskis, Sara Cingarlini(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Clapham, Alexander Claviez, Sean P. Cleary, Nicole Cloonan, Marek Cmero(University of East Anglia), Colin C. Collins, Ashton A. Connor, Susanna L. Cooke(Institute of Cancer Research), Colin S. Cooper(University of East Anglia), Leslie Cope, Vincenzo Corbo, Matthew G. Cordes, Stephen Cordner, Isidro Cortés‐Ciriano, Kyle R. Covington, Prue A. Cowin, Brian Craft, David Craft, Chad J. Creighton, Yupeng Cun, Erin Curley, Ioana Cutcutache, Karolina Czajka, Bogdan Czerniak, Rebecca A. Dagg, Ludmila Danilova, Maria Vittoria Davì, Natalie R. Davidson, Helen Davies, Ian J. Davis, Brandi N. Davis‐Dusenbery, Kevin J. Dawson, Francisco M. De La Vega, Ricardo De Paoli‐Iseppi, Timothy Defreitas, Angelo Paolo Dei Tos, Olivier Delaneau, John A. Demchok, Jonas Demeulemeester, German Demidov, Deniz Demircioğlu, Nening M. Dennis, Robert E. Denroche, Stefan C. Dentro(The Francis Crick Institute), Nikita Desai(The Francis Crick Institute), Vikram Deshpande, Amit G. Deshwar, Christine Desmedt, Jordi Deu-Pons, Noreen Dhalla, Neesha C. Dhani, Priyanka Dhingra, Rajiv Dhir, Anthony DiBiase, Klev Diamanti(Institute of Cancer Research), Li Ding, Shuai Ding, Huy Q. Dinh, Luc Dirix, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Nilgun Donmez, Michelle T. Dow, Ronny Drapkin, Oliver Drechsel, Ruben M. Drews, Serge Serge, Tim Dudderidge, Ana Dueso-Barroso, Andrew Dunford, Michael J. Dünn, Lewis Jonathan Dursi, Fraser R. Duthie, Ken Dutton‐Regester, Jenna Eagles, Douglas F. Easton, Stuart Edmonds, Paul A. Edwards, Sandra E. Edwards, Rosalind A. Eeles, Anna Ehinger(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Juergen Eils(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Roland Eils(German Cancer Research Center), Adel K. El‐Naggar, Matthew Eldridge, Kyle Ellrott, Serap Erkek, Geòrgia Escaramís, Shadrielle M. G. Espiritu, Xavier Estivill, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Jórunn E. Eyfjörd, Bishoy M. Faltas, Daiming Fan, Fan Yu, William C. Faquin, Claudiu Farcas, Matteo Fassan, Aquila Fatima, Francesco Favero, Nodirjon Fayzullaev(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Ina Felau, Sián Fereday, Martin L. Ferguson(Université de Montréal), Vincent Ferretti(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Lars Feuerbach, Matthew A. Field, J. Lynn Fink, Gaetano Finocchiaro, Cyril Fisher, Matthew W. Fittall, Anna Fitzgerald, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Adrienne M. Flanagan, Neil Fleshner, Paul Flicek, John A. Foekens, Kwun M. Fong, Nuno A. Fonseca, Christopher S. Foster, Natalie S. Fox, Michael Fraser, Scott Frazer, Milana Frenkel‐Morgenstern, William A. Friedman, Joan Frigola, Catrina C. Fronick, Akihiro Fujimoto, Masashi Fujita, Masashi Fukayama, Lucinda A. Fulton, Robert S. Fulton, Mayuko Furuta, P. Andrew Futreal, Anja Füllgrabe, Stacey Gabriel, Steven Gallinger, Carlo Gambacorti‐Passerini, Galen F. Gao, Shengjie Gao, Levi A. Garraway, Øystein Garred, Erik Garrison, Dale W. Garsed, Nils Gehlenborg, Josep L. L. Gelpi, Joshy George, Daniela S. Gerhard, Clarissa Gerhäuser, Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, Mark Gerstein, Moritz Gerstung, Gad Getz, Mohammed Ghori, Ronald Ghossein, Nasra H. Giama, Richard A. Gibbs, Bob Gibson, Anthony J. Gill, Pelvender Gill, Dilip D. Giri, Dominik Głodzik, Vincent J. Gnanapragasam, Maria Elisabeth Goebler, Mary J. Goldman, Carmen Gómez, Santiago González, Abel González-Pérez, Dmitry A. Gordenin, James Gossage, Kunihito Gotoh, Ramaswamy Govindan, Dorthe Grabau, Janet S. Graham, Robert C. Grant, Anthony R. Green, Eric Green, Liliana Greger, Nicola Grehan, Sonia Grimaldi, Sean M. Grimmond, Robert L. Grossman(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Adam Grundhoff(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Gunes Gundem, Qianyun Guo, Manaswi Gupta, Shailja Gupta, Marta Gut, Marta Gut, Jonathan Göke(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Gavin Ha, Andrea Haake, David Haan, Siegfried Haas, Kerstin Haase, James E. Haber, Nina Habermann, Faraz Hach, Syed Haider, Natsuko Hama, Freddie C. Hamdy, Anne Hamilton, Mark Hamilton(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Leng Han, George B. Hanna, Martin Hansmann, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Olivier Harismendy, Ivon Harliwong, Arif O. Harmanci, Eoghan Harrington, Takanori Hasegawa, David Haussler, Steve Hawkins, Shinya Hayami, Shuto Hayashi, D. Neil Hayes, Stephen J. Hayes, Nicholas K. Hayward, Steven Hazell(Heidelberg University), Yao He, Allison P. Heath, Simon Heath, David W. Hedley, Apurva M. Hegde, David I. Heiman, Michael C. Heinold, Zachary Heins, Lawrence E. Heisler, Eva Hellström‐Lindberg, Mohamed Helmy, Seong Gu Heo, Austin J. Hepperla, José María Heredia‐Genestar, Carl Herrmann(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Hersey, Julian M. Hess, Hólmfríður Hilmarsdóttir, Jonathan Hinton, Satoshi Hirano, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Katherine A. Hoadley, Asger Hobolth, Ermin Hodzic, Jessica I. Hoell, Steve Hoffmann, Oliver Hofmann, Andrea Holbrook, Aliaksei Z. Holik, Michael A. Hollingsworth, Oliver Holmes, Robert A. Holt, Chen Hong, Eun Pyo Hong, Jongwhi H. Hong, Gerrit K. Hooijer, Henrik Hornshøj, Fumie Hosoda, Yong Hou, Volker Hovestadt, William Howat, Alan P. Hoyle, Ralph H. Hruban, Taobo Hu, Taobo Hu, Xing Hua, Kuan-lin Huang, Mei Huang, Mi Ni Huang(Université de Montréal), Vincent Huang, Yi Huang, Wolfgang Huber, Thomas J. Hudson, Michael Hummel, Jillian A. Hung, David G. Huntsman, Ted R. Hupp, Jason T. Huse, Matthew R. Huska, Barbara Hutter, Carolyn M. Hutter(Earlham Institute), Daniel Hübschmann, Christine A. Iacobuzio–Donahue, Charles D. Imbusch, Marcin Imieliński, Seiya Imoto, William B. Isaacs, Keren Isaev, Shumpei Ishikawa(German Cancer Research Center), Murat Iskar(German Cancer Research Center), S. M. Ashiqul Islam, Michael Ittmann, Sinisa Ivkovic, José M. G. Izarzugaza, Jocelyne Jacquemier, Valerie Jakrot, Nigel B. Jamieson, Gun Ho Jang, Se Jin Jang, Joy C. Jayaseelan, Reyka G. Jayasinghe, Stuart R. Jefferys, Karine Jegalian, Jennifer L. Jennings, Seung-Hyup Jeon, Lara Jerman, Yuan Ji, Wei Jiao(German Cancer Research Center), Peter A. Johansson, Amber L. Johns, Jeremy Johns, Rory Johnson, Todd A. Johnson, Clemency Jolly, Yann Joly, Jón G. Jónasson, Corbin D. Jones, David Jones, David Jones, Nic Jones, Steven J.M. Jones, Jos Jonkers, Young Seok Ju, Hartmut Juhl, Jongsun Jung, Malene Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Natalie Jäger, Rolf Kabbe, André Kahles, Abdullah Kahraman, Vera B. Kaiser, Hojabr Kakavand, Sangeetha Kalimuthu, Christof von Kalle, Koo Jeong Kang, Katalin Karászi, Beth Y. Karlan, Rosa Karlić, Dennis Karsch, Katayoon Kasaian, Karin S. Kassahn, Hitoshi Katai, Mamoru Kato, Hiroto Katoh, Yoshiiku Kawakami, Jonathan D. Kay, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Marat D. Kazanov, Maria Keays, Electron Kebebew, Richard Kefford, Manolis Kellis, James G. Kench, Catherine J. Kennedy, Jules N. A. Kerssemakers, David Khoo(Université de Montréal), Vincent Khoo, Narong Khuntikeo, Ekta Khurana, Helena Kilpinen, Hark Kyun Kim, Hyung‐Lae Kim, Hyung-Yong Kim, Hyunghwan Kim, Jaegil Kim, Ji-Hoon Kim, Jong-Kwang Kim, Young-Wook Kim, Tari A. King, Wolfgang Hiddemann(Heidelberg University), Kortine Kleinheinz, Leszek J. Klimczak, Stian Knappskog, Michael Kneba, Bartha Maria Knoppers, Youngil Koh, Jan Komorowski, Daisuke Komura, Mitsuhiro Komura, Gu Kong, Marcel Kool, Jan O. Korbel, Viktoriya Korchina, Andrey Korshunov, Michael Koscher, Roelof Koster, Zsofia Kote‐Jarai, Antonios Koures, Milena Kovacevic, Bárbara Kremeyer, Helene Kretzmer, Markus Kreuz, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Dieter Kube, Kiran Kumar, Pardeep Kumar, Sushant Kumar, Yogesh Kumar, Ritika Kundra, Kirsten Kübler, Ralf Küppers, Jesper Lagergren, Phillip H. Lai, Peter W. Laird, Sunil R. Lakhani, Christopher M. Lalansingh, Emilie Lalonde, Fabien C. Lamaze(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Adam Lambert, Eric Lander, Pablo Landgraf, Luca Landoni, Anita Langerød, Andrés Lanzós, Denis Larsimont, Erik G. Larsson, Mark Lathrop, Loretta M. S. Lau, Chris Lawerenz, Rita T. Lawlor, Michael S. Lawrence, Alexander J. Lazar, Ana Mijalkovic Lazic(German Cancer Research Center), Xuan Le, Darlene Lee, Dong-Hoon Lee, Eunjung Alice Lee, Hee Jin Lee, Jake June-Koo Lee, Jeong‐Yeon Lee, Ju‐Hee Lee, Ming Ta Michael Lee, Henry Lee-Six, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Hans Lehrach, Dido Lenze, Conrad Leonard(Earlham Institute), Daniel Leongamornlert, Ignaty Leshchiner, Louis Létourneau, Ivica Letunić, Douglas A. Levine, Lora Lewis, Tim Ley(Institute of Cancer Research), Chang Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Constance H. Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Haiyan Irene Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Jun Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Lin Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Shantao Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Siliang Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Xiaobo Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Xiaotong Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Xinyue Li(Institute of Cancer Research), Yilong Li(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Han Liang, Sheng‐Ben Liang(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Lichter(Institute of Cancer Research), Pei Lin(Institute of Cancer Research), Ziao Lin, W. M. Linehan, Ole Christian Lingjærde, Dongbing Liu, Eric Minwei Liu, Fei-Fei Fei Liu, Fenglin Liu, Jia Liu, Xingmin Liu, Julie Livingstone, Dimitri Livitz, Naomi Livni, Lucas Lochovsky, Markus Loeffler, Georgina V. Long, Armando López‐Guillermo, Shaoke Lou, David N. Louis, Laurence Lovat(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Yiling Lu(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Yong‐Jie Lu(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Youyong Lu, Claudio Luchini, Ilinca M. Lungu, Xuemei Luo, Hayley J. Luxton, Andy G. Lynch, Lisa Lype, Cristina López, Carlos López-Otı́n(German Cancer Research Center), Z. Eric(German Cancer Research Center), Yussanne Ma, Gaëtan MacGrogan, Shona MacRae, Geoff Macintyre, Tobias Madsen, Kazuhiro Maejima, Andrea Mafficini, Dennis T. Maglinte, Arindam Maitra, Partha P. Majumder, Luca Malcovati, Salem Malikić, Giuseppe Malleo(German Cancer Research Center), Graham J. Mann, Luisa Mantovani‐Löffler, Kathleen Marchal, Giovanni Marchegiani, Elaine R. Mardis(Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV)), Adam A. Margolin, Maximillian G. Marin, Florian Markowetz, Julia Markowski, Jeffrey S. Marks, Tomàs Marquès‐Bonet, Marco A. Marra, Luke Marsden, John W.M. Martens, Sancha Martin, José I. Martín‐Subero, Iñigo Martincorena, Alexander Martinez‐Fundichely, Yosef E. Maruvka, R. Jay Mashl, Charles Massie, Thomas J. Matthew, Lucy Matthews, Erik Mayer, Simon Mayes, Michael Mayo, Faridah Mbabaali, Karen McCune, Ultan McDermott, Patrick D. McGillivray, Michael D. McLellan, John D. McPherson, John R. McPherson, Treasa A. McPherson, Samuel R. Meier, Alice Meng, Shaowu Meng, Andrew Menzies, Neil D. Merrett, Sue Merson, Matthew Meyerson, William Meyerson, Piotr A. Mieczkowski, George L. Mihaiescu, Sanja Mijalković, Tom Mikkelsen, Michèle Milella, Linda Mileshkin, Christopher A. Miller, David K. Miller, Jessica K. Miller, Gordon B. Mills, Ana Milovanovic, Sarah Minner, Marco Miotto, Gisela Mir Arnau, Lisa Mirabello, Thomas J. Mitchell, Thomas J. Mitchell, Satoru Miyano, Naoki Miyoshi, Shinichi Mizuno, Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor, Malcolm J. Moore, Richard A. Moore, Sandro Morganella, Quaid Morris, Quaid Morris, Lisle E. Mose, Catherine D. Moser, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Andrew J. Mungall, Karen Mungall, Elizabeth A. Musgrove, Ville Mustonen, David G. Mutch, Francesc Muyas, Donna M. Muzny, Alfonso Muñoz, Jerome Myers(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Ola Myklebost(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Möller, Genta Nagae, Adnan Nagrial, Hardeep K. Nahal-Bose, Hitoshi Nakagama(RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences), Hidewaki Nakagawa, Hiromi Nakamura, Tõru Nakamura, Kaoru Nakano, Tannistha Nandi, Jyoti Nangalia, Mia Nastic, Arcadi Navarro, Fábio C. P. Navarro, David E. Neal, Gerd Nettekoven, Felicity Newell, Steven Newhouse, Yulia Newton(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Alvin Wei Tian Ng(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Chi‐Fai Ng, Jonathan Nicholson, David Nicol(Earlham Institute), Yongzhan Nie, G. Petur Nielsen, Morten Muhlig Nielsen, Serena Nik-Zainal, Michael S. Noble, Kátia Nones, Paul A. Northcott, Faiyaz Notta, Brian D. O’Connor(German Cancer Research Center), Peter O’Donnell, Maria O’Donovan, Sarah O’Meara, Brian Patrick O’Neill, J. Robert O’Neill, David Ocaña, Angelica Ochoa, Layla Oesper, Christopher Ogden, Hideki Ohdan, Kazuhiro Ohi, Lucila Ohno‐Machado, Karin A. Oien(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Akinyemi I. Ojesina, Hidenori Ojima, Takuji Okusaka, Larsson Omberg, Choon Kiat Ong, Stephan Ossowski, German Ott, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Christine P’ng, Marta Paczkowska, Salvatore Paiella, Chawalit Pairojkul, Marina Pajic, Qiang Pan‐Hammarström, Elli Papaemmanuil, Irene Papatheodorou, Nagarajan Paramasivam, Ji Wan Park, Joong-Won Park, Keunchil Park, Kiejung Park, Peter J. Park, Joel S. Parker, Simon L. Parsons, Harvey I. Pass, Danielle Pasternack, Alessandro Pastore, Ann‐Marie Patch, Iris Pauporté, Antonio Pea, John V. Pearson(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Jakob Skou Pedersen, Paolo Pederzoli, Martin Peifer, Nathan A. Pennell, Charles M. Perou, Marc D. Perry, Gloria M. Petersen, Myron Peto, Nicholas J. Petrelli, Robert Petryszak, Stefan M. Pfister, Mark Phillips, Oriol Pich, Hilda A. Pickett, Todd Pihl, Nischalan Pillay, Sarah E. Pinder, Mark Pinese, Andreia V. Pinho(The Francis Crick Institute), Esa Pitkänen, Xavier Pivot, Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez, Laura Planko, Christoph Plass, Paz Polak, Tirso Pons, Irinel Popescu, Olga Potapova, Aparna Prasad, Shaun R. Preston, Manuel Prinz, Antonia L. Pritchard, Stephenie D. Prokopec, Elena Provenzano, Xosé S. Puente, Sonia Puig, Montserrat Puiggròs, Sergio Pulido-Tamayo, Gulietta M. Pupo(Institute of Cancer Research), Colin A. Purdie, Michael C. Quinn, Raquel Rabionet, Janet S. Rader, Bernhard Radlwimmer, Petar Radovic, Benjamin Raeder, Keiran Raine, Manasa Ramakrishna, Kamna Ramakrishnan, Suresh Ramalingam, Benjamin J. Raphael, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Tobias Rausch, Guido Reifenberger, Jüri Reimand, Jorge S. Reis‐Filho, Victor Reuter, Iker Reyes-Salazar, Matthew A. Reyna, Sheila M. Reynolds, Esther Rheinbay, Yasser Riazalhosseini, Andrea L. Richardson, Julia Richter, Matthew D. Ringel, Markus Ringnér, Yasushi Rino, Karsten Rippe, Jeffrey Roach, Lewis R. Roberts, Nicola D. Roberts, Steven A. Roberts, A. Gordon Robertson, Alan J. Robertson, Javier Bartolomé Rodriguez, Bernardo Rodríguez–Martín, F. Germán Rodríguez-González, Michael H. A. Roehrl, Marius Rohde, Hirofumi Rokutan, Gilles Romieu, Ilse Rooman, Tom Roques(Earlham Institute), Daniel Rosebrock, Mara Rosenberg, Philip Rosenstiel, Andreas Rosenwald, Edward Rowe, Romina Royo, Steve Rozen, Yulia Rubanova, Mark A. Rubin, Carlota Rubio-Pérez, Vasilisa A. Rudneva, Borislav C. Rusev, Andrea Ruzzenente, Gunnar Rätsch, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan, Veronica Y. Sabelnykova, Sara Sadeghi, S. Cenk Sahinalp, Natalie Saini, Mihoko Saito-Adachi, Gordon Saksena, Adriana Salcedo, Roberto Salgado, Leonidas Salichos, Richard Sallari, Charles Saller, Roberto Salvia, Michelle Sam, Jaswinder S. Samra, Francisco Sánchez-Vega, Chris Sander, Grant Sanders, Rajiv Sarin, Iman Sarrafi, Aya Sasaki-Oku, Torill Sauer, Guido Sauter, Robyn P.M. Saw, Maria Scardoni, Christopher J. Scarlett, Aldo Scarpa, Ghislaine Scélo, Dirk Schadendorf, Jacqueline E. Schein, Markus B. Schilhabel(German Cancer Research Center), Matthias Schlesner, Thorsten Schlomm, Heather K. Schmidt, Sarah‐Jane Schramm, Stefan Schreiber, Nikolaus Schultz, Steven E. Schumacher, Roland F. Schwarz, Richard A. Scolyer, David L. Scott, Ralph Scully, Raja R. Seethala, Ayellet V. Segrè, Iris Selander(Institute of Cancer Research), Colin A. Semple, Yasin Şenbabaoğlu, Subhajit Sengupta, Elisabetta Sereni, Stefano Serra, Dennis C. Sgroi, Mark Shackleton, Nimish Shah, Sagedeh Shahabi, Catherine A. Shang(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Ping Shang, Ofer Shapira, Troy Shelton, Ciyue Shen, Hui Shen, Rebecca Shepherd, Ruian Shi, Yan Shi, Yu-Jia Shiah, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Juliann Shih, Eigo Shimizu, Kiyo Shimizu, Seung Jun Shin, Yuichi Shiraishi, Tal Shmaya, Ilya Shmulevich, Solomon I. Shorser, Charles Short, Raunak Shrestha, Suyash Shringarpure, Craig D. Shriver, Shimin Shuai, Nikos Sidiropoulos, Reiner Siebert, Anieta M. Sieuwerts, Lina Sieverling, Sabina Signoretti, Katarzyna Sikora, Michele Simbolo, Ronald Simon, Janae V. Simons, Jared T. Simpson, Peter T. Simpson, Samuel Singer, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong, Payal Sipahimalani, Tara Skelly, Marcel Smid, John A. Smith, Karen Smith‐McCune, Nicholas D. Socci, Heidi J. Sofia, Matthew G. Soloway(Heidelberg University), Lei Song, Anil K. Sood, Sharmila Sothi, Christos Sotiriou, Cameron M. Soulette, Paul N. Span, Paul T. Spellman, Nicola Sperandio, Andrew J. Spillane, Oliver Spiro, Jonathan Spring, Johan Staaf, Peter F. Stadler(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Staib, Stefan G. Stark, Lucy Stebbings, Ólafur Andri Stefánsson, Oliver Stegle, Lincoln D. Stein, Alasdair Stenhouse, Chip Stewart, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Miranda D. Stobbe, Michael R. Stratton, Jonathan R. Stretch, Adam J. Struck, Joshua M. Stuart, Henk G. Stunnenberg(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Hong Su(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Xiaoping Su, Ren Sun, Stéphanie Sungalee, Hana Sušak, Akihiro Suzuki, Fred C.G.J. Sweep, Monika Szczepanowski(German Cancer Research Center), Holger Sültmann(German Cancer Research Center), Takashi Yugawa, Angela Tam, David Tamborero, Benita Kiat Tee Tan, Donghui Tan, Patrick Tan, Hiroko Tanaka, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Tomas Tanskanen, Maxime Tarabichi, Roy Tarnuzzer, Patrick Tarpey, Morgan L. Taschuk, Kenji Tatsuno, Simon Tavaré, Darrin F. Taylor, Amaro Taylor‐Weiner, Jon W. Teague, Bin Tean Teh, Varsha Tembe, Javier Temes, Kevin Thai, Sarah P. Thayer, Nina Thiessen, Gilles Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Alan Thompson, Alastair M. Thompson, John F. Thompson, R. Houston Thompson, Heather Thorne, Leigh B. Thorne, Adrian Thorogood, Grace Tiao, Nebojša Tijanić, Lee E. Timms, Roberto Tirabosco, Marta Tojo, Stefania Tommasi, Christopher W. Toon, Umut H. Toprak, David Torrents, Giampaolo Tortora, Jörg Tost, Yasushi Totoki, David Townend, Nadia Traficante, Isabelle Treilleux, Jean-Rémi Trotta, Lorenz Trümper, Ming‐Sound Tsao, Tatsuhiko Tsunoda, José M. C. Tubío, Olga Tucker, Richard Turkington, Daniel J. Turner, Andrew Tutt, Masaki Ueno, Naoto T. Ueno, Christopher B. Umbricht, Husen M. Umer, Tim Underwood, Lara Urban, Tomoko Urushidate, Tetsuo Ushiku, Liis Uusküla-Reimand, Alfonso Valencia, David Van Den Berg, Steven Van Laere(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Van Loo, Erwin G. Van Meir, Gert G. Van den Eynden, Theodorus van der Kwast, Naveen Vasudev, Miguél Vázquez, Ravikiran Vedururu, Umadevi Veluvolu, Shankar Vembu, Chao Li(German Cancer Research Center), Peter Vermeulen, Clare Verrill, Alain Viari, David Vicente, Caterina Vicentini(Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), K. VijayRaghavan, Juris Vīksna, Ricardo E. Vilain, Izar Villasante, Anne Vincent‐Salomon, Tapio Visakorpi, Douglas Voet, Paresh Vyas, Ignacio Vázquez-Garćıa, Nick M. Waddell, Nicola Waddell, Claes Wadelius, Lina Wadi, Rabea Wagener, Jeremiah A. Wala, Jian Wang, Jiayin Wang, Linghua Wang, Qi Wang, Wenyi Wang, Yumeng Wang, Zhining Wang, Paul Waring, Hans-Jörg Warnatz, Jonathan Warrell, Anne Y. Warren, Sebastian M. Waszak, David C. Wedge, Dieter Weichenhan, Paul Weinberger, John N. Weinstein, Joachim Weischenfeldt, Daniel J. Weisenberger, Ian Welch, Michael C. Wendl, Johannes Werner, Justin P. Whalley, David A. Wheeler, Hayley C. Whitaker, Dennis A. Wigle, Matthew D. Wilkerson, Ashley Williams, James S. Wilmott, Gavin W. Wilson, Julie M. Wilson, Richard K. Wilson, Boris Winterhoff, Jeffrey A. Wintersinger, Maciej Wiznerowicz, Stephan Wolf, Bernice H. Wong, Tina Wong, Winghing Wong, Youngchoon Woo, Scott Wood, Bradly G. Wouters, A. Jordan Wright, Derek Wright, Mark H. Wright, Chin‐Lee Wu, Dai‐Ying Wu, Guanming Wu, Jianmin Wu, Kui Wu, Yang Wu, Zhenggang Wu(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Xi Liu(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Tian Xia, Qian Xiang(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Xiao Xiao, Rui Xing, Heng Xiong, Qinying Xu, Yanxun Xu, Hong Xue, Shinichi Yachida, Sergei Yakneen, Rui Yamaguchi, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Masakazu Yamamoto, Shogo Yamamoto, Hiroki Yamaue, Fan Yang, Huanming Yang, Jean Yang, Liming Yang, Lixing Yang, Shanlin Yang, Tsun-Po Yang, Yang Yang, Xiaotong Yao, Marie‐Laure Yaspo, Lucy Yates, Christina Yau(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Chen Ye(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Kai Ye, Venkata Yellapantula, Christopher J. Yoon, Sung-Soo Yoon, Fouad Yousif, Jun Yu, Kaixian Yu, Willie Yu, Yingyan Yu, Ke Yuan, Yuan Yuan, Denis Yuen, Christina K. Yung, Olga Zaikova, Jorge Zamora(German Cancer Research Center), Marc Zapatka(German Cancer Research Center), Jean C. Zenklusen, Thorsten Zenz, Nikolajs Zeps, Cheng‐Zhong Zhang, Fan Zhang, Hailei Zhang, Hongwei Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Jiashan Zhang, Jing Zhang, Junjun Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Xuanping Zhang, Yan Zhang, Zemin Zhang, Zhongming Zhao, Liangtao Zheng, Xiuqing Zheng, Wanding Zhou, Yong Zhou, Bin Zhu, Hongtu Zhu, Jingchun Zhu, Shida Zhu, Lihua Zou, Xueqing Zou, Anna DeFazio, Nicholas van As, Carolien H. M. van Deurzen, Marc J. van de Vijver(German Cancer Research Center), L. van’t Veer, Christian von Mering
Cited by 403Open Access
Abstract
Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, for which whole-genome and-for a subset-whole-transcriptome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types was aggregated, we systematically investigated potential viral pathogens using a consensus approach that integrated three independent pipelines. Viruses were detected in 382 genome and 68 transcriptome datasets. We found a high prevalence of known tumor-associated viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV; for example, HPV16 or HPV18). The study revealed significant exclusivity of HPV and driver mutations in head-and-neck cancer and the association of HPV with APOBEC mutational signatures, which suggests that impaired antiviral defense is a driving force in cervical, bladder and head-and-neck carcinoma. For HBV, HPV16, HPV18 and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2), viral integration was associated with local variations in genomic copy numbers. Integrations at the TERT promoter were associated with high telomerase expression evidently activating this tumor-driving process. High levels of endogenous retrovirus (ERV1) expression were linked to a worse survival outcome in patients with kidney cancer.
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