Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor with cigarette smoke on lung function and inflammation in mice

Abstract

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are advertised as a less harmful nicotine delivery system or as a new smoking cessation tool. We aimed to assess the in vivo effects of e-cig vapor in the lung and to compare them to those of cigarette smoke (CS). We exposed C57BL/6 mice for either 3 days or 4 wk to ambient air, CS, or e-cig vapor containing 1) propylene glycol/vegetable glycerol (PG:VG-Sol; 1:1), 2) PG:VG with nicotine (G:VG-N), or 3) PG:VG with nicotine and flavor (PG:VG-N+F) and determined oxidative stress, inflammation, and pulmonary mechanics. E-cig vapors, especially PG:VG-N+F, increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity, Muc5ac production, as well as BALF and lung oxidative stress markers at least comparably and in many cases more than CS. BALF protein content at both time points studied was only elevated in the PG:VG-N+F group. After 3 days, PG:VG-Sol altered tissue elasticity, static compliance, and airway resistance, whereas after 4 wk CS was the only treatment adversely affecting these parameters. Airway hyperresponsiveness in response to methacholine was increased similarly in the CS and PG:VG-N+F groups. Our findings suggest that exposure to e-cig vapor can trigger inflammatory responses and adversely affect respiratory system mechanics. In many cases, the added flavor in e-cigs exacerbated the detrimental effects of e-cig vapor. We conclude that both e-cig vaping and conventional cigarette smoking negatively impact lung biology.