Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment

Aysu Okbay; Jonathan Beauchamp; Mark Alan Fontana; James J. Lee; Tune H. Pers; Cornelius A. Rietveld; Patrick Turley; Guo‐Bo Chen; Valur Emilsson; S. Fleur W. Meddens; Sven Oskarsson; Joseph K. Pickrell; Kevin Thom; Pascal Timshel; Ronald de Vlaming; Abdel Abdellaoui; Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia; Jonas Bačelis; Clemens Baumbach; Gyða Björnsdóttir; J Brandsma; Maria Pina Concas; Jaime Derringer; Nicholas A. Furlotte; Tessel E. Galesloot; Giorgia Girotto; Richa Gupta; Leanne M. Hall; Sarah E. Harris; Edith Hofer; Momoko Horikoshi; Jennifer E. Huffman; Kadri Kaasik; Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati; Robert Karlsson; Augustine Kong; Jari Lahti; Sven J. van der Lee; C. deLeeuw; Penelope A. Lind; Karl‐Oskar Lindgren; Tian Liu; Massimo Mangino; Jonathan Marten; Evelin Mihailov; Michael B. Miller; Peter J. van der Most; Christopher Oldmeadow; Antony Payton; Natalia Pervjakova; Wouter J. Peyrot; Yong Qian; Olli Raitakari; Rico Rueedi; Erika Salvi; Börge Schmidt; Katharina E. Schraut; Jianxin Shi; Albert V. Smith; Raymond A. Poot; Beaté St Pourcain; Alexander Teumer; Gudmar Thorleifsson; Niek Verweij; Dragana Vuckovic; Juergen Wellmann; Harm-Jan Westra; Jingyun Yang; Wei Zhao; Zhihong Zhu; Behrooz Z. Alizadeh; Najaf Amin; Andrew Bakshi; Sebastian E. Baumeister; Ginevra Biino; Klaus Bønnelykke; Patricia A. Boyle; Harry Campbell; Francesco P. Cappuccio; Gail Davies; Jan-Emmanuel De Neve; Panos Deloukas; Ilja Demuth; Jun Ding; Peter Eibich; Lewin Eisele; Niina Eklund; David M. Evans; Jessica D. Faul; Mary F. Feitosa; Andreas J. Forstner; Ilaria Gandin; Bjarni Gunnarsson; Bjarni V. Halldórsson; Tamara B. Harris; Andrew C. Heath; Lynne J. Hocking; Elizabeth G. Holliday; Georg Homuth; Michael A. Horan; Jouke-Jan Hottenga; Philip L De Jager; Peter K. Joshi; Astanand Jugessur; Marika A. Kaakinen; Mika Kähönen; Stavroula Kanoni; Liisa Keltigangas-Järvinen; Lambertus A. Kiemeney; Ivana Kolčić; Seppo Koskinen; Aldi T. Kraja; Martin Kroh; Zoltán Kutalik; Antti Latvala; L. J. Launer; Maël P. Lebreton; Douglas F. Levinson; Paul Lichtenstein; Peter Lichtner; David C. Liewald; Lifelines Cohort Study; Anu Loukola; Pamela A. Madden; Reedik Mägi; Tomi Mäki‐Opas; Riccardo E. Marioni; Pedro Marques‐Vidal; Gerardus A. Meddens; George McMahon; Christa Meisinger; Thomas Meitinger; Yusplitri Milaneschi; Lili Milani; Grant W. Montgomery; Ronny Myhre; Christopher P. Nelson; Dale R. Nyholt; William E. R. Ollier; Aarno Palotie; Lavinia Paternoster; Nancy L. Pedersen; Katja Petrovic; David J. Porteous; Katri Räikkönen; Susan M. Ring; Antonietta Robino; Olga Rostapshova; Igor Rudan; Aldo Rustichini; Veikko Salomaa; Alan R. Sanders; Antti‐Pekka Sarin; Helena Schmidt; Rodney J. Scott; Blair H. Smith; Jennifer A. Smith; Jan A. Staessen; Elisabeth Steinhagen–Thiessen; Konstantin Strauch; Antonio Terracciano; Martin D. Tobin; Sheila Ulivi; Simona Vaccargiu; Lydia Quaye; Frank J.A. van Rooij; Cristina Venturini; Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen; Uwe Völker; Henry Völzke; Judith M. Vonk; Diego Vozzi; Johannes Waage; Erin B. Ware; Gonneke Willemsen; John Attia; David A. Bennett; Klaus Berger; Lars Bertram; Hans Bisgaard; Dorret I. Boomsma; Ingrid B. Borecki; Ute Bültmann; Christopher F. Chabris; Francesco Cucca; Daniele Cusi; Ian J. Deary; George V. Dedoussis; Cornelia M. van Duijn; Johan G. Eriksson; Barbara Franke; Lude Franke; Paolo Gasparini; Pablo V. Gejman; Christian Gieger; Hans-Jörgen Grabe; Jacob Gratten; Patrick J. F. Groenen; Vilmundur Guðnason; Pim van der Harst; Caroline Hayward; David A. Hinds; Wolfgang Hoffmann; Elina Hyppönen; William G. Iacono; Bo Jacobsson; Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Jaakko Kaprio; Sharon L. R. Kardia; Terho Lehtimäki; Steven F. Lehrer; Patrik K. E. Magnusson; Nicholas G. Martin; Matt McGue; Andres Metspalu; Neil Pendleton; Brenda W.J.H. Penninx; Markus Perola; Nicola Pirastu; Mario Pirastu; Ozren Polašek; Danielle Posthuma; Christine Power; Michael A. Province; Nilesh J. Samani; David Schlessinger; Reinhold Schmidt; Thorkild I. A. Sørensen; Tim D. Spector; Kari Stefansson; Unnur Thorsteinsdottir; Roy Thurik; Nicholas J. Timpson; Henning Tiemeier; Joyce Y. Tung; André G. Uitterlinden; Véronique Vitart; Péter Vollenweider; David R. Weir; James F. Wilson; Alan F. Wright; Dalton Conley; Robert F. Krueger; George Davey Smith; Albert Hofman; David I. Laibson; Sarah E. Medland; Michelle N. Meyer; Jian Yang; Magnus Johannesson; Peter M. Visscher; Tõnu Esko; Philipp Koellinger; David Cesarini; Daniel J. Benjamin

doi:10.1038/nature17671

Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment

Aysu Okbay(Erasmus MC), Jonathan Beauchamp(Harvard University), Mark Alan Fontana(University of Southern California), James J. Lee(University of Minnesota), Tune H. Pers(Statens Serum Institut), Cornelius A. Rietveld(Erasmus MC), Patrick Turley(Harvard University), Guo‐Bo Chen(The University of Queensland), Valur Emilsson(University of Iceland), S. Fleur W. Meddens(University of Amsterdam), Sven Oskarsson(Uppsala University), Joseph K. Pickrell(New York Genome Center), Kevin Thom(New York University), Pascal Timshel(Broad Institute), Ronald de Vlaming(Erasmus MC), Abdel Abdellaoui(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia(University of Copenhagen), Jonas Bačelis(National Academy of Medicine), Clemens Baumbach(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Gyða Björnsdóttir(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), J Brandsma(Erasmus MC), Maria Pina Concas(University of Sassari), Jaime Derringer(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Nicholas A. Furlotte(23andMe (United States)), Tessel E. Galesloot(Radboud University Nijmegen), Giorgia Girotto(University of Trieste), Richa Gupta(University of Helsinki), Leanne M. Hall(University of Leicester), Sarah E. Harris(University of Edinburgh), Edith Hofer(Medical University of Graz), Momoko Horikoshi(Centre for Human Genetics), Jennifer E. Huffman(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Kadri Kaasik(University of Helsinki), Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati(Harokopio University of Athens), Robert Karlsson(Karolinska Institutet), Augustine Kong(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Jari Lahti(University of Helsinki), Sven J. van der Lee(Erasmus MC), C. deLeeuw(Radboud University Nijmegen), Penelope A. Lind(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Karl‐Oskar Lindgren(Uppsala University), Tian Liu(Max Planck Institute for Human Development), Massimo Mangino(King's College London), Jonathan Marten(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Evelin Mihailov(University of Tartu), Michael B. Miller(University of Minnesota), Peter J. van der Most(University Medical Center Groningen), Christopher Oldmeadow(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Antony Payton(Manchester Academic Health Science Centre), Natalia Pervjakova(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Wouter J. Peyrot(GGZ inGeest), Yong Qian(National Institute on Aging), Olli Raitakari(University of Turku), Rico Rueedi(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Erika Salvi(University of Milan), Börge Schmidt(Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie), Katharina E. Schraut(Centre for Global Health Research), Jianxin Shi(National Cancer Institute), Albert V. Smith(University of Iceland), Raymond A. Poot(Erasmus MC), Beaté St Pourcain(University Of Bristol Dental Hospital), Alexander Teumer(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Gudmar Thorleifsson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Niek Verweij(University Medical Center Groningen), Dragana Vuckovic(University of Trieste), Juergen Wellmann(University of Münster), Harm-Jan Westra(Broad Institute), Jingyun Yang(Rush University Medical Center), Wei Zhao(University of Michigan), Zhihong Zhu(The University of Queensland), Behrooz Z. Alizadeh(University Medical Center Groningen), Najaf Amin(Erasmus MC), Andrew Bakshi(The University of Queensland), Sebastian E. Baumeister(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Ginevra Biino(National Research Council), Klaus Bønnelykke(University of Copenhagen), Patricia A. Boyle(Rush University Medical Center), Harry Campbell(Centre for Global Health Research), Francesco P. Cappuccio(University of Warwick), Gail Davies(University of Edinburgh), Jan-Emmanuel De Neve(University of Oxford), Panos Deloukas(Queen Mary University of London), Ilja Demuth(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Jun Ding(National Institute on Aging), Peter Eibich(German Institute for Economic Research), Lewin Eisele(Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie), Niina Eklund(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), David M. Evans(Translational Research Institute), Jessica D. Faul(University of Michigan), Mary F. Feitosa(Washington University in St. Louis), Andreas J. Forstner(University of Bonn), Ilaria Gandin(University of Trieste), Bjarni Gunnarsson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Bjarni V. Halldórsson(Reykjavík University), Tamara B. Harris(National Institutes of Health), Andrew C. Heath(Washington University in St. Louis), Lynne J. Hocking(University of Aberdeen), Elizabeth G. Holliday(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Georg Homuth(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Michael A. Horan(University of Manchester), Jouke-Jan Hottenga(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Philip L De Jager(Broad Institute), Peter K. Joshi(Centre for Global Health Research), Astanand Jugessur(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Marika A. Kaakinen(Genomics England), Mika Kähönen(Tampere University Hospital), Stavroula Kanoni(Queen Mary University of London), Liisa Keltigangas-Järvinen(University of Helsinki), Lambertus A. Kiemeney(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ivana Kolčić(University of Split), Seppo Koskinen(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Aldi T. Kraja(Washington University in St. Louis), Martin Kroh(German Institute for Economic Research), Zoltán Kutalik(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Antti Latvala(University of Helsinki), L. J. Launer(National Institutes of Health), Maël P. Lebreton(University of Amsterdam), Douglas F. Levinson(Stanford University), Paul Lichtenstein(Karolinska Institutet), Peter Lichtner(Helmholtz Zentrum München), David C. Liewald(University of Edinburgh), Lifelines Cohort Study(23andMe (United States)), Anu Loukola(University of Helsinki), Pamela A. Madden(Washington University in St. Louis), Reedik Mägi(University of Tartu), Tomi Mäki‐Opas(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Riccardo E. Marioni(The University of Queensland), Pedro Marques‐Vidal(University Hospital of Lausanne), Gerardus A. Meddens, George McMahon(University of Bristol), Christa Meisinger(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Thomas Meitinger(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Yusplitri Milaneschi(GGZ inGeest), Lili Milani(University of Tartu), Grant W. Montgomery(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Ronny Myhre(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Christopher P. Nelson(University of Leicester), Dale R. Nyholt(Queensland University of Technology), William E. R. Ollier(Manchester Academic Health Science Centre), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), Lavinia Paternoster(University of Bristol), Nancy L. Pedersen(Karolinska Institutet), Katja Petrovic(Medical University of Graz), David J. Porteous(University of Edinburgh), Katri Räikkönen(University of Helsinki), Susan M. Ring(University of Bristol), Antonietta Robino(IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo), Olga Rostapshova(Harvard University), Igor Rudan(Centre for Global Health Research), Aldo Rustichini(University of Minnesota), Veikko Salomaa(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Alan R. Sanders(NorthShore University HealthSystem), Antti‐Pekka Sarin(University of Helsinki), Helena Schmidt(Medical University of Graz), Rodney J. Scott(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Blair H. Smith(University of Dundee), Jennifer A. Smith(University of Michigan), Jan A. Staessen(Maastricht University), Elisabeth Steinhagen–Thiessen(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Konstantin Strauch(Zimmer Biomet (Netherlands)), Antonio Terracciano(Florida State University), Martin D. Tobin(University of Leicester), Sheila Ulivi(IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo), Simona Vaccargiu(University of Sassari), Lydia Quaye(King's College London), Frank J.A. van Rooij(Erasmus MC), Cristina Venturini(King's College London), Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen(The University of Queensland), Uwe Völker(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Henry Völzke(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Judith M. Vonk(University Medical Center Groningen), Diego Vozzi(Capital Impact Partners), Johannes Waage(University of Copenhagen), Erin B. Ware(University of Michigan), Gonneke Willemsen(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), John Attia(Hunter Medical Research Institute), David A. Bennett(Rush University Medical Center), Klaus Berger(University Medical Center Groningen), Lars Bertram(Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics), Hans Bisgaard(University of Copenhagen), Dorret I. Boomsma(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Ingrid B. Borecki(Washington University in St. Louis), Ute Bültmann(University Medical Center Groningen), Christopher F. Chabris(Union College), Francesco Cucca(Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research), Daniele Cusi(University of Milan), Ian J. Deary(University of Edinburgh), George V. Dedoussis(Harokopio University of Athens), Cornelia M. van Duijn(Erasmus MC), Johan G. Eriksson(University of Helsinki), Barbara Franke, Lude Franke(University Medical Center Groningen), Paolo Gasparini(University of Trieste), Pablo V. Gejman(NorthShore University HealthSystem), Christian Gieger(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Hans-Jörgen Grabe(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Jacob Gratten(The University of Queensland), Patrick J. F. Groenen(Erasmus University Rotterdam), Vilmundur Guðnason(University of Iceland), Pim van der Harst(University Medical Center Groningen), Caroline Hayward(Edinburgh Cancer Research), David A. Hinds(23andMe (United States)), Wolfgang Hoffmann(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Elina Hyppönen(University of South Australia), William G. Iacono(University of Minnesota), Bo Jacobsson(National Academy of Medicine), Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin(Oulu University Hospital), Karl-Heinz Jöckel(Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie), Jaakko Kaprio(University of Helsinki), Sharon L. R. Kardia(University of Michigan), Terho Lehtimäki(Tampere University), Steven F. Lehrer(Queen's University), Patrik K. E. Magnusson(Karolinska Institutet), Nicholas G. Martin(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Matt McGue(University of Minnesota), Andres Metspalu(University of Tartu), Neil Pendleton(University of Manchester), Brenda W.J.H. Penninx(GGZ inGeest), Markus Perola(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Nicola Pirastu(University of Trieste), Mario Pirastu(University of Sassari), Ozren Polašek(Centre for Global Health Research), Danielle Posthuma(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Christine Power(Institute of Child Health), Michael A. Province(Washington University in St. Louis), Nilesh J. Samani(University of Leicester), David Schlessinger(National Institute on Aging), Reinhold Schmidt(Medical University of Graz), Thorkild I. A. Sørensen(Novo Nordisk Foundation), Tim D. Spector(King's College London), Kari Stefansson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Unnur Thorsteinsdottir(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Roy Thurik(Panteia (Netherlands)), Nicholas J. Timpson(University of Bristol), Henning Tiemeier(Erasmus MC), Joyce Y. Tung(23andMe (United States)), André G. Uitterlinden(Erasmus MC), Véronique Vitart(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Péter Vollenweider(University Hospital of Lausanne), David R. Weir(University of Michigan), James F. Wilson(Centre for Global Health Research), Alan F. Wright(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Dalton Conley(New York University), Robert F. Krueger(University of Minnesota), George Davey Smith(University of Bristol), Albert Hofman(Erasmus MC), David I. Laibson(Harvard University), Sarah E. Medland(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Michelle N. Meyer(Union Graduate College), Jian Yang(Rush University Medical Center), Magnus Johannesson(Stockholm School of Economics), Peter M. Visscher(Translational Research Institute), Tõnu Esko(Broad Institute), Philipp Koellinger(University of Amsterdam), David Cesarini(New York University), Daniel J. Benjamin(University of Southern California)

Nature

May 10, 2016

10.1038/nature17671

Cited by 1,483Open Access

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