Is Excess PbI₂ Beneficial for Perovskite Solar Cell Performance?

Abstract

Unreacted lead iodide is commonly believed to be beneficial to the efficiency of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells, since it has been proposed to passivate the defects in perovskite grain boundaries. However, it is shown here that the presence of unreacted PbI 2 results in an intrinsic instability of the film under illumination, leading to the film degradation under inert atmosphere and faster degradation upon exposure to illumination and humidity. The perovskite films without lead iodide have improved stability, but lower efficiency due to inferior film morphology (smaller grain size, the presence of pinholes). Optimization of the deposition process resulted in PbI 2 ‐free perovskite films giving comparable efficiency to those with excess PbI 2 (14.2 ± 1.3% compared to 15.1 ± 0.9%) Thus, optimization of the deposition process for PbI 2 ‐free films leads to dense, pinhole‐free, large grain size perovskite films which result in cells with high efficiency without detrimental effects on the film photostability caused by excess PbI 2 . However, it should be noted that for encapsulated devices illuminated through the substrate (fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass, TiO 2 film), film photostability is not a key factor in the device degradation.