Genome Expansion and Gene Loss in Powdery Mildew Fungi Reveal Tradeoffs in Extreme Parasitism

Pietro D. Spanu(Imperial College London), James Abbott(Imperial College London), Joëlle Amselem(Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Timothy A. Burgis(Imperial College London), Darren M. Soanes(University of Exeter), Kurt Stüber(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), James K. M. Brown(John Innes Centre), Sarah Butcher(Imperial College London), Sarah J. Gurr(University of Oxford), Marc‐Henri Lebrun(Biologie et gestion des champignons phytopathogènes), Christopher J. Ridout(John Innes Centre), Paul Schulze‐Lefert(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Nicholas J. Talbot(University of Exeter), Nahal Brocke‐Ahmadinejad(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Christian Ametz(Imperial College London), Geraint Barton(Imperial College London), Mariam Benjdia(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Przemyslaw Bidzinski(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Laurence V. Bindschedler(University of Reading), Maike Both(Imperial College London), Marin T. Brewer(Cornell University), Lance Cadle‐Davidson(United States Department of Agriculture), Molly Cadle-Davidson(United States Department of Agriculture), Jérôme Collemare(Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Rainer Cramer(University of Reading), Omer Frenkel(Cornell University), Dale I. Godfrey(University of Copenhagen), James Harriman(United States Department of Agriculture), Claire Hoede(Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Brian Christopher King(Cornell University), Sven Klages(Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics), Jochen Kleemann(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Daniela Knoll(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Prasanna S. Koti(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Jonathan Kreplak(Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Francisco J. López-Ruiz(John Innes Centre), Xunli Lu(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Takaki Maekawa(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Siraprapa Mahanil(United States Department of Agriculture), Cristina Micali(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Michael G. Milgroom(Cornell University), Giovanni Montana(Imperial College London), Sandra Noir(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Richard J. O’Connell(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Simone Oberhaensli(University of Zurich), Francis Parlange(University of Zurich), Carsten Pedersen(University of Copenhagen), Hadi Quesneville(Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Richard Reinhardt(Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics), Matthias Rott(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Soledad Sacristán(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics), Sarah M. Schmidt(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Moritz Schön(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Pari Skamnioti(University of Oxford), Hans Sommer(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Amber Stephens(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Hiroyuki Takahara(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Hans Thordal‐Christensen(University of Copenhagen), Marielle Vigouroux(University of Oxford), Ralf Weßling(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research), Thomas Wicker(University of Zurich), Ralph Panstruga(Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research)
Science
December 9, 2010
10.1126/science.1194573
Cited by 843

Abstract

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.

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