The Genome of the Sea Urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>
Erica Sodergren(California Institute of Technology), George M. Weinstock(California Institute of Technology), Eric H. Davidson(California Institute of Technology), R. Andrew Cameron(California Institute of Technology), Richard A. Gibbs(California Institute of Technology), Robert C. Angerer(California Institute of Technology), Lynne M. Angerer(California Institute of Technology), Maria Ina Arnone(California Institute of Technology), David R. Burgess(California Institute of Technology), Robert D. Burke(California Institute of Technology), James A. Coffman(California Institute of Technology), Michael Dean(California Institute of Technology), Maurice R. Elphick(California Institute of Technology), Charles A. Ettensohn(California Institute of Technology), Kathy R. Foltz(California Institute of Technology), Amro Hamdoun(California Institute of Technology), Richard O. Hynes(California Institute of Technology), William H. Klein(California Institute of Technology), William F. Marzluff(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), David R. McClay(California Institute of Technology), Robert L. Morris(California Institute of Technology), Arcady Mushegian(California Institute of Technology), Jonathan P. Rast(California Institute of Technology), L. Courtney Smith(California Institute of Technology), Michael C. Thorndyke(California Institute of Technology), Victor D. Vacquier(California Institute of Technology), Gary M. Wessel(California Institute of Technology), Greg Wray(California Institute of Technology), Lan Zhang(California Institute of Technology), Christine G. Elsik(California Institute of Technology), Olga Ermolaeva(California Institute of Technology), Wratko Hlavina(California Institute of Technology), Gretchen E. Hofmann(California Institute of Technology), Paul Kitts(California Institute of Technology), Melissa Landrum(California Institute of Technology), Aaron J. Mackey(California Institute of Technology), Donna Maglott(California Institute of Technology), G. V. Panopoulou(California Institute of Technology), Albert J. Poustka(California Institute of Technology), Kim D. Pruitt(California Institute of Technology), Victor Sapojnikov(California Institute of Technology), Xingzhi Song(California Institute of Technology), Alexandre Souvorov(California Institute of Technology), Victor Solovyev(California Institute of Technology), Wei Zheng(California Institute of Technology), Charles A. Whittaker(California Institute of Technology), Kim C. Worley(California Institute of Technology), K. James Durbin(California Institute of Technology), Yufeng Shen(California Institute of Technology), Olivier Fédrigo(California Institute of Technology), David Garfield(California Institute of Technology), Ralph Haygood(California Institute of Technology), Alexander Primus(California Institute of Technology), Rahul Satija(California Institute of Technology), Tonya F. Severson(California Institute of Technology), Manuel L. Gonzalez‐Garay(California Institute of Technology), Andrew R. Jackson(California Institute of Technology), Aleksandar Milosavljevic(California Institute of Technology), Mark Tong(California Institute of Technology), Christopher E. Killian(California Institute of Technology), Brian T. Livingston(California Institute of Technology), Fred H. Wilt(California Institute of Technology), Nikki Adams(California Institute of Technology), Robert BelleÌ(California Institute of Technology), Seth Carbonneau(California Institute of Technology), Rocky Cheung(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Patrick Cormier(California Institute of Technology), Bertrand Cosson(California Institute of Technology), Jenifer C. Croce(California Institute of Technology), Antonio Fernàndez-Guerra(California Institute of Technology), Anne-Marie GenevieÌre(California Institute of Technology), Manisha Goel(California Institute of Technology), Hemant Kelkar(California Institute of Technology), Julia Morales(California Institute of Technology), Odile Mulner‐Lorillon(California Institute of Technology), A Robertson(California Institute of Technology), Jared V. Goldstone(California Institute of Technology), Bryan J. Cole(California Institute of Technology), David Epel(California Institute of Technology), Bert Gold(California Institute of Technology), Mark E. Hahn(California Institute of Technology), Meredith Ashby(California Institute of Technology), Mark Scally(California Institute of Technology), John J. Stegeman(California Institute of Technology), Erin L. Allgood(California Institute of Technology), Jonah Cool(California Institute of Technology), Kyle M. Judkins(California Institute of Technology), S. Shawn McCafferty(California Institute of Technology), Ashlan M. Musante(California Institute of Technology), Robert A. Obar(California Institute of Technology), Amanda P. Rawson(California Institute of Technology), Blair J. Rossetti(California Institute of Technology), I. R. Gibbons(California Institute of Technology), Matthew P. Hoffman(California Institute of Technology), Andrew Leone(California Institute of Technology), Sorin Istrail(California Institute of Technology), Stefan C. Materna(California Institute of Technology), Manoj P. Samanta(California Institute of Technology), Viktor Štolc(California Institute of Technology), Waraporn Tongprasit(California Institute of Technology), Qiang Tu(California Institute of Technology), Karl‐F. Bergeron(California Institute of Technology), Bruce P. Brandhorst(California Institute of Technology), James R. Whittle(California Institute of Technology), Kevin Berney(California Institute of Technology), David J. Bottjer(California Institute of Technology), Cristina Calestani(California Institute of Technology), Kevin J. Peterson(California Institute of Technology), Elly Suk Hen Chow(California Institute of Technology), Qiu Autumn Yuan(California Institute of Technology), Eran Elhaik(California Institute of Technology), Dan Graur(California Institute of Technology), Justin Reese(California Institute of Technology), Ian Bosdet(California Institute of Technology), Heesun Shin(California Institute of Technology), Marco A. Marra(California Institute of Technology), Jacqueline E. Schein(California Institute of Technology), Michele K. Anderson(California Institute of Technology), Virginia Brockton(California Institute of Technology), Katherine M. Buckley(California Institute of Technology), Avis H. Cohen(California Institute of Technology), Sebastian D. Fugmann(California Institute of Technology), Taku Hibino(California Institute of Technology), Mariano Loza‐Coll(California Institute of Technology), Audrey J. Majeske(California Institute of Technology), Cynthia Messier(California Institute of Technology), Sham V. Nair(California Institute of Technology), Zeev Pancer(California Institute of Technology), David P. Terwilliger(California Institute of Technology), Cavit Ağca(California Institute of Technology), Enrique Arboleda(California Institute of Technology), Nansheng Chen(California Institute of Technology), Allison Churcher(California Institute of Technology), F. HallboÌoÌk(California Institute of Technology), Glen Humphrey(California Institute of Technology), Mohammed M. Idris(California Institute of Technology), Takae Kiyama(California Institute of Technology), Shuguang Liang(California Institute of Technology), Dan O Mellott(California Institute of Technology), Xiuqian Mu(California Institute of Technology), Greg Murray(California Institute of Technology), Robert P. Olinski(California Institute of Technology), Florian Raible(California Institute of Technology), Matthew L. Rowe(California Institute of Technology), John S. Taylor(California Institute of Technology), Kristin Tessmar‐Raible(California Institute of Technology), D. Wang(California Institute of Technology), Karen Wilson(California Institute of Technology), Shunsuke Yaguchi(California Institute of Technology), Terry Gaasterland(California Institute of Technology), Blanca E. Galindo(California Institute of Technology), Herath Jayantha Gunaratne(California Institute of Technology), Celina E. Juliano(California Institute of Technology), Masashi Kinukawa(California Institute of Technology), Gary W. Moy(California Institute of Technology), Anna T. Neill(California Institute of Technology), Mamoru Nomura(California Institute of Technology), Michael Raisch(California Institute of Technology), Anna Reade(California Institute of Technology), Michelle M. Roux(California Institute of Technology), Jia L. Song(California Institute of Technology), Yi‐Hsien Su(California Institute of Technology), Ian K. Townley(California Institute of Technology), Ekaterina Voronina(California Institute of Technology), Julian L. Wong(California Institute of Technology), Gabriele Amore(California Institute of Technology), Margherita Branno(California Institute of Technology), Euan R. Brown(California Institute of Technology), Vincenzo Cavalieri(California Institute of Technology), Véronique Duboc(California Institute of Technology), Louise Duloquin(California Institute of Technology), Constantin N. Flytzanis(California Institute of Technology), Christian Gache(California Institute of Technology), François Lapraz(California Institute of Technology), Thierry Lepage(California Institute of Technology), Annamaria Locascio(California Institute of Technology), Pedro Martı́nez(California Institute of Technology), Giorgio Matassi(California Institute of Technology), Valeria Matranga(California Institute of Technology), Ryan Range(California Institute of Technology), Francesca Rizzo(California Institute of Technology), Eric RoÌttinger(California Institute of Technology), Wendy S. Beane(California Institute of Technology), Cynthia A. Bradham(California Institute of Technology), Christine A. Byrum(California Institute of Technology), Tom Glenn(California Institute of Technology), Sofia Hussain(California Institute of Technology), Gerard Manning(California Institute of Technology), Esther Miranda(California Institute of Technology), Rebecca T. Thomason(California Institute of Technology), Katherine D. Walton(California Institute of Technology), Athula Wikramanayke(California Institute of Technology), Shu-Yu Wu(California Institute of Technology), Ronghui Xu(California Institute of Technology), C. Titus Brown(California Institute of Technology), Li-Li Chen(California Institute of Technology), Rachel F. Gray(California Institute of Technology), Pei Yun Lee(California Institute of Technology), Jongmin Nam(California Institute of Technology), Paola Oliveri(California Institute of Technology), Joel Smith(California Institute of Technology), Donna M. Muzny(California Institute of Technology), Stephanie Bell(California Institute of Technology), Joseph Chacko(California Institute of Technology), Andrew Cree(California Institute of Technology), Stacey Curry(California Institute of Technology), Clay Davis(California Institute of Technology), Huyen Dinh(California Institute of Technology), Shannon Dugan-Rocha(California Institute of Technology), Jerry Fowler(California Institute of Technology), Rachel Gill(California Institute of Technology), Cerrissa Hamilton(California Institute of Technology), Judith Hernandez(California Institute of Technology), Sandra Hines(California Institute of Technology), Jennifer Hume(California Institute of Technology), LaRonda Jackson(California Institute of Technology), Angela Jolivet(California Institute of Technology), Christie Kovar(California Institute of Technology), Sandra Lee(California Institute of Technology), Lora Lewis(California Institute of Technology), George Miner(California Institute of Technology), Margaret Morgan(California Institute of Technology), Lynne V. Nazareth(California Institute of Technology), Geoffrey Okwuonu(California Institute of Technology), David L. Parker(California Institute of Technology), Lingling Pu(California Institute of Technology), R. Greg Thorn(California Institute of Technology), Rita Wright(California Institute of Technology)
Cited by 1,153Open Access
Abstract
We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.