The Genome Sequence of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
Mark D. Adams, S Celniker(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Robert A. Holt, Cheryl Evans, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Peter G. Amanatides, Steven E. Scherer(Baylor College of Medicine), Peter W. Li, Roger A. Hoskins(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Richard F. Galle(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Reed George(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Suzanna Lewis(University of California, Berkeley), Stephen M. Richards(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Michael Ashburner(European Bioinformatics Institute), Scott N. Henderson, Granger G. Sutton, Jennifer R. Wortman, Mark Yandell, Qing Zhang, Lin X. Chen, Rhonda Brandon, Yu-Hui C. Rogers, Robert G. Blazej(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Mark Champe(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Barret D. Pfeiffer(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Kenneth H. Wan(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Clare Doyle(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Evan G. Baxter(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Gregg Helt(China Construction Eighth Engineering Division (China)), Catherine R. Nelson(University of California, Berkeley), George L. Gabor, Miklós(Pacific Engineering (United States)), Josep F. Abril(Municipal Institute for Medical Research), Anna Agbayani(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Hui-Jin An, Cynthia Andrews‐Pfannkoch, Danita Baldwin, Richard M. Ballew, Anand Basu, James Baxendale, Leyla Bayraktaroglu(Harvard University), Ellen M. Beasley, Karen Beeson, Panayiotis V. Benos(Washington University in St. Louis), Benjamin P. Berman(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Deepali Bhandari, Slava Bolshakov(FORTH Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology), Dana Borkova(European Molecular Biology Organization), Michael R. Botchan(University of California, Berkeley), John Bouck(Baylor College of Medicine), Peter Brokstein(University of California, Berkeley), Phillipe Brottier(Genoscope), Kenneth C. Burtis(University of California, Davis), Dana Busam, H. Butler(University of Cambridge), Édouard Cadieu(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Ishwar Chandra, J. Michael Cherry(Palo Alto University), Simon Cawley(Palo Alto University), Carl Dahlke(University of California, Berkeley), Lionel B. Davenport, Peter L. Davies, Beatriz de Pablos(Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa), Arthur L. Delcher(Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa), Zuoming Deng, Anne Deslattes Mays, Ian Dew, Suzanne M. Dietz, Kristina Dodson, Lisa Doup, Michael Downes(Salk Institute for Biological Studies), Shannon Dugan-Rocha(Salk Institute for Biological Studies), Boris C. Dunkov(University of Arizona), Patrick Dunn(University of Arizona), Kenneth J. Durbin(Baylor College of Medicine), Carlos Evangelista(Baylor College of Medicine), Concepción Ferraz(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Steven Ferriera(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Wolfgang Fleischmann(European Bioinformatics Institute), Carl Fosler(European Bioinformatics Institute), Andrei Gabrielian, Neha Garg, William M Gelbart(Harvard University), Ken Glasser(Harvard University), Anna Glodek, Fangcheng Gong, James H. Gorrell(Baylor College of Medicine), Zhiping Gu(Baylor College of Medicine), Ping Guan, Michael A. Harris, Nomi L. Harris(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Damon A. Harvey(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Thomas J. Heiman(University of California, Berkeley), Judith Hernandez(Baylor College of Medicine), Jarrett Houck(Baylor College of Medicine), Damon Hostin, Kathryn A. Houston(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Timothy J. Howland(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Ming-Hui Wei, Chinyere Ibegwam, Mena Jalali, Francis Kalush, Gary H. Karpen(Salk Institute for Biological Studies), Zhaoxi Ke(Salk Institute for Biological Studies), James A. Kennison(National Institute of Child Health), Karen A. Ketchum(National Institute of Child Health), Bruce E. Kimmel(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Chinnappa D. Kodira(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Cheryl Kraft, Saul Kravitz, David Kulp(China Construction Eighth Engineering Division (China)), Zhongwu Lai(China Construction Eighth Engineering Division (China)), Paul Lasko(McGill University), Yiding Lei(McGill University), Alexander A. Levitsky, Jiayin Li, Zhenya Li, Yong Liang(J. Craig Venter Institute), Xiaoying Lin, Xiangjun Liu, Bettina Mattei, Tina C. McIntosh, Michael P. McLeod(Baylor College of Medicine), D McPherson(Baylor College of Medicine), Gennady V. Merkulov, Natalia V. Milshina, Clark Mobarry, Joe Morris(China Construction Eighth Engineering Division (China)), Ali Moshrefi(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Stephen M. Mount(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Mee Moy(University of Maryland, College Park), Brian J. Murphy, Lee Murphy(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Donna M. Muzny(Baylor College of Medicine), David L. Nelson(University of Tennessee Health Science Center), David R. Nelson(University of Tennessee Health Science Center), Keith A. Nelson(University of Tennessee Health Science Center), Katherine Nixon(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Deborah Nusskern(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Joanne Pacleb(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Michael Palazzolo(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Gjange S. Pittman(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Sue Pan, John R. Pollard, Vinita Puri, Martin G. Reese(University of California, Berkeley), Knut Reinert(University of California, Berkeley), Karin Remington, Robert D. C. Saunders(University of Dundee), Frederick Scheeler(University of Dundee), Hua Shen(Baylor College of Medicine), Bixiang Christopher Shue(Baylor College of Medicine), Inga Sidén‐Kiamos(FORTH Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology), Michael A. Simpson(FORTH Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology), Marian Skupski, Tom Smith, Eugene G. Spier, Allan C. Spradling(Carnegie Institution for Science), Mark Stapleton(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Renee Strong(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Eric I. Sun, Robert Svirskas(Motorola (United States)), Cyndee Tector(Motorola (United States)), Russell Turner, Eli Venter, Aihui H. Wang, Xin Wang, Zhenyuan Wang, David A. Wassarman(National Institute of Child Health), George M. Weinstock(Baylor College of Medicine), Jean Weissenbach(Baylor College of Medicine), Sherita M. Williams(Genoscope), Trevor Woodage, Kim C. Worley(Baylor College of Medicine), David Wu(Baylor College of Medicine), Song Yang(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Qingping Yao(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Jane J. Ye, Ru‐Fang Yeh(University of California, Berkeley), Jayshree Zaveri(University of California, Berkeley), Ming Zhan, Guangren Zhang, Qi Zhao, Liansheng Zheng, Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley, Fei Zhong, Wenyan Zhong, Xiaojun Zhou(Baylor College of Medicine), Shiaoping C. Zhu(Baylor College of Medicine), Xiaohong Zhu, Hamilton O. Smith, Richard A. Gibbs(Baylor College of Medicine), Eugene W. Myers(Baylor College of Medicine), Gerald M. Rubin(Howard Hughes Medical Institute), J. Craig Venter(Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
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Abstract
The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.
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