Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans
Maanasa Raghavan(University of Copenhagen), Matthias Steinrücken(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Kelley Harris(University of California, Berkeley), Stephan Schiffels(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Simon Rasmussen(Technical University of Denmark), Michael DeGiorgio(Pennsylvania State University), Anders Albrechtsen(University of Copenhagen), Cristina Valdiosera(University of Copenhagen), María C. Ávila‐Arcos(University of Copenhagen), Anna‐Sapfo Malaspinas(University of Copenhagen), Anders Eriksson(University of Cambridge), Ida Moltke(University of Copenhagen), Mait Metspalu(Estonian Biocentre), Julian R. Homburger(Stanford University), Jeff Wall(University of California, San Francisco), Omar E. Cornejo(Washington State University), J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar(University of Copenhagen), Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen(University of Copenhagen), Tracey Pierre(University of Copenhagen), Morten Rasmussen(University of Copenhagen), Paula F. Campos(University of Copenhagen), Peter de Barros Damgaard(University of Copenhagen), Morten E. Allentoft(University of Copenhagen), John Lindo(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Ene Metspalu(Estonian Biocentre), Ricardo Varela(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Josefina Mansilla Lory(National Institute of Anthropology and History), Celeste Henrickson(University of Utah), Andaine Seguin‐Orlando(University of Copenhagen), Helena Malmström(Uppsala University), Thomas Stafford(University of Copenhagen), Suyash Shringarpure(Stanford University), Andrés Moreno‐Estrada(Instituto de Estudios Avanzados), Monika Karmin(Estonian Biocentre), Kristiina Tambets(Estonian Biocentre), Anders Bergström(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Yali Xue(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Vera Warmuth(Uppsala University), A. D. Friend(University of Cambridge), Joy Singarayer(University of Reading), Paul J. Valdes(University of Bristol), François Balloux(University College London), Ilán Leboreiro(National Institute of Anthropology and History), José Luis Vera(National Institute of Anthropology and History), Héctor Rangel‐Villalobos(Universidad de Guadalajara), Davide Pettener(University of Bologna), Donata Luiselli(University of Bologna), Loren G. Davis(Oregon State University), Évelyne Heyer(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Christoph P. E. Zollikofer(University of Zurich), Marcia S. Ponce de León(University of Zurich), Colin Smith(La Trobe University), Vaughan Grimes(Memorial University of Newfoundland), Kelly-Anne Pike(Memorial University of Newfoundland), Michael Deal(Memorial University of Newfoundland), Benjamin T. Fuller(University of California, Irvine), Bernardo Arriaza(University of Tarapacá), Vivien G. Standen(University of Tarapacá), Maria Francisca Luz(Fundação Museu do Homem Americano), François‐Xavier Ricaut(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Niède Guidon(Fundação Museu do Homem Americano), L. P. Osipova(Novosibirsk State University), Mikhail I. Voevoda(Novosibirsk State University), Olga L. Posukh(Novosibirsk State University), Oleg Balanovsky(Research Centre for Medical Genetics), Maria Lavryashina(Kemerovo State University), Yuri Bogunov(Vavilov Institute of General Genetics), Э. К. Хуснутдинова(Bashkir State University), Marina Gubina(Institute of Cytology and Genetics), Elena Balanovska(Research Centre for Medical Genetics), С.А. Федорова(North-Eastern Federal University), Sergey Litvinov(Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Scientific Centre), B. А. Malyarchuk(Institute of Biological Problems of the North), М. В. Деренко(Institute of Biological Problems of the North), M. J. Mosher(Western Washington University), David Archer(Coast Mountain College), Jerome S. Cybulski(Western University), Barbara Petzelt(Office of Education), Joycelynn Mitchell(Office of Education), Rosita Worl(Age Institute), Paul J. Norman(Fairchild Semiconductor (United States)), Peter Parham(Fairchild Semiconductor (United States)), Brian M. Kemp(Washington State University), Toomas Kivisild(University of Cambridge), Chris Tyler-Smith(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Manjinder S. Sandhu(MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), Michael Crawford(University of Kansas), Richard Villems(Estonian Biocentre), David Glenn Smith(University of California, Davis), Michael R. Waters(Texas A&M University), Ted Goebel(Texas A&M University), John R. Johnson(Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History), Ripan S. Malhi(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Mattias Jakobsson(Uppsala University), David J. Meltzer(University of Copenhagen), Andrea Manica(University of Cambridge), Richard Durbin(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Carlos D. Bustamante(Stanford University), Yun S. Song(Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), Rasmus Nielsen(Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), Eske Willerslev(University of Copenhagen)
Cited by 571Open Access
Abstract
How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.