The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data
Paul M. Thompson(University of Southern California), Jason L. Stein(University of California, Los Angeles), Sarah E. Medland(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Derrek P. Hibar(University of Southern California), Alejandro Arias Vásquez(Radboud University Medical Center), Miguel E. Rentería(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Roberto Toro(Université Paris Cité), Neda Jahanshad(University of Southern California), Günter Schumann(King's College London), Barbara Franke(Radboud University Medical Center), Margaret J. Wright(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Nicholas G. Martin(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Ingrid Agartz(Karolinska Institutet), Martin Alda(Dalhousie University), Saud Alhusaini(McGill University), Laura Almasy(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Jorge Almeida(University of Pittsburgh), Kathryn Alpert(Northwestern University), Nancy C. Andreasen(University of Iowa), Ole A. Andreassen(University of Oslo), Liana G. Apostolova(University of California, Los Angeles), Katja Appel(Universität Greifswald), Nicola J. Armstrong(University of Sydney), Benjamin S. Aribisala(University of Edinburgh), Mark E. Bastin(University of Edinburgh), Michael Bauer(University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus), Carrie E. Bearden, Ørjan Bergmann(University of Oslo), Elisabeth B. Binder(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), John Blangero(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), H. Jeremy Bockholt, Erlend Bøen(Oslo University Hospital), Catherine Bois(University of Edinburgh), Dorret I. Boomsma(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Tom Booth(University of Edinburgh), Ian Bowman(University of Southern California), Janita Bralten(Radboud University Medical Center), Rachel M. Brouwer(University Medical Center Utrecht), Han G. Brunner(Radboud University Nijmegen), David G. Brohawn(Massachusetts General Hospital), Randy L. Buckner(Massachusetts General Hospital), Jan K. Buitelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Kazima Bulayeva(Vavilov Institute of General Genetics), Juan Bustillo(University of New Mexico), Vince D. Calhoun(University of New Mexico), Dara M. Cannon(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Rita M. Cantor(University of California, Los Angeles), Melanie A. Carless(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Xavier Caseras(Cardiff University), Gianpiero L. Cavalleri(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), M. Mallar Chakravarty(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health), Kiki Chang(Stanford University), Christopher R. K. Ching(University of Southern California), Andrea Christoforou(University of Oslo), Sven Cichon(Forschungszentrum Jülich), Vincent P. Clark(University of New Mexico), Patricia Conrod(Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine), Giovanni Coppola(University of California, Los Angeles), Benedicto Crespo‐Facorro(Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Joanne E. Curran(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Michael Czisch(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Ian J. Deary(University of Edinburgh), Eco J. C. de Geus(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Anouk den Braber(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Giuseppe Delvecchio(King's College London), Chantal Depondt(Erasmus Hospital), Lieuwe de Haan, Greig I. de Zubicaray(University of Queensland), Danai Dima(King's College London), Ralica Dimitrova(University of Edinburgh), Srdjan Djurovic(Oslo University Hospital), Hong‐Wei Dong(University of Southern California), Gary Donohoe(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Ravindranath Duggirala(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Thomas D. Dyer(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Stefan Ehrlich(Massachusetts General Hospital), Carl Johan Ekman(Karolinska Institutet), Torbjørn Elvsåshagen(Oslo University Hospital), Louise Emsell(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Susanne Erk(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Thomas Espeseth(Oslo University Hospital), Jesen Fagerness(Massachusetts General Hospital), Scott C. Fears(University of California, Los Angeles), Iryna O. Fedko(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Guillén Fernández(Radboud University Medical Center), Simon E. Fisher(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Tatiana Foroud(Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis), Peter T. Fox(The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston), Clyde Francks(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Sophia Frangou(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Eva Frey(University of Regensburg), Thomas Frodl(University of Regensburg), Vincent Frouin(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), Hugh Garavan(University of Vermont), Sudheer Giddaluru(University of Bergen), David C. Glahn(Hartford Hospital), Beata R. Godlewska(University of Oxford), Rita Z. Goldstein(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Randy L. Gollub(Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging), Hans J. Grabe(German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), O. Grimm(Central Institute of Mental Health), Oliver Gruber(University of Göttingen), Tulio Guadalupe(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Raquel E. Gur(University of Pennsylvania), Ruben C. Gur(University of Pennsylvania), Harald H.H. Göring(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Saskia P. Hagenaars(Royal Edinburgh Hospital), Tomáš Hájek(Dalhousie University), Geoffrey B. Hall(McMaster University), Jérémy Hall(University of Edinburgh), John Hardy(University College London), Catharina A. Hartman(University Medical Center Groningen), Johanna Haß, Sean N. Hatton(University of Sydney), Unn K. Haukvik(University of Oslo), Katrin Hegenscheid(Universität Greifswald), Andreas Heinz(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Ian B. Hickie(University of Sydney), Beng‐Choon Ho(University of Iowa), David Hoehn(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Pieter J. Hoekstra(University Medical Center Groningen), Marisa O. Hollinshead(Massachusetts General Hospital), Avram J. Holmes(Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging), Georg Homuth(Universität Greifswald), Martine Hoogman(Radboud University Nijmegen), L. Elliot Hong(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Norbert Hosten(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Jouke‐Jan Hottenga(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol(University Medical Center Utrecht), Kristy Hwang(Oakland University), Clifford R. Jack(Mayo Clinic in Arizona), Mark Jenkinson(University of Oxford), Caroline Johnston(King's College London), Erik G. Jönsson(Karolinska Institutet), René S. Kahn(University Medical Center Utrecht), Dalia Kasperavičiūtė(University College London), Sinéad Kelly(Trinity College Dublin), Sungeun Kim(Indiana University School of Medicine), Peter Kochunov(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Laura Koenders, Bernd Krämer(University of Göttingen), John B. Kwok(Neuroscience Research Australia), Jim Lagopoulos(University of Sydney), Gonzalo Laje, Mikael Landén(Karolinska Institutet), Bennett A. Landman(Vanderbilt University), John Lauriello(University of Missouri), Stephen M. Lawrie(Royal Edinburgh Hospital), Phil H. Lee(Massachusetts General Hospital), Stéphanie Le Hellard(University of Bergen), Hervé Lemaître(Délégation Paris 5), Cassandra D. Leonardo(University of Southern California), Chiang-shan Li(Yale University), Benny Liberg(Karolinska Institutet), David C. Liewald(University of Edinburgh), Xinmin Liu(National Institute of Mental Health), Lorna M. Lopez(University of Edinburgh), Eva Loth(King's College London), Anbarasu Lourdusamy(University of Nottingham), Michelle Luciano(University of Edinburgh), Fabìo Macciardi(University of Milan), Marise W. J. Machielsen, Glenda MacQueen(University of Calgary), Ulrik Fredrik Malt(University of Oslo), René C.W. Mandl(University Medical Center Utrecht), Dara S. Manoach(Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging), Jean‐Luc Martinot(Université Paris-Sud), Mar Matarín(University College London), Karen A. Mather(UNSW Sydney), Manuel Mattheisen(University of Bonn), Morten Mattingsdal(Sørlandet Sykehus), Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg(University Hospital Heidelberg), Colm McDonald(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Andrew M. McIntosh(University of Edinburgh), Francis J. McMahon(National Institute of Mental Health), Katie L. McMahon(University of Queensland), Eva Meisenzahl(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Ingrid Melle(Oslo University Hospital), Yuri Milaneschi, Sebastian Mohnke(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Grant W. Montgomery(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Derek W. Morris(Trinity College Dublin), Eric K. Moses(University of Western Australia), Bryon A. Mueller(University of Minnesota Medical Center), Susana Muñoz Maniega(Scottish and Southern Energy (United Kingdom)), Thomas W. Mühleisen(University of Bonn), Bertram Müller‐Myhsok(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Benson Mwangi(The University of Texas at Austin), Matthias Nauck(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Kwangsik Nho(Indiana University School of Medicine), Thomas E. Nichols(University of Warwick), Lars-Göran Nilsson(Stockholm University), Allison C. Nugent(National Institute of Mental Health), Lars Nyberg(Umeå University), Rene L. Olvera(The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston), Jaap Oosterlaan, Roel A. Ophoff(University Medical Center Utrecht), Massimo Pandolfo(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Melina Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou(University of Edinburgh), Martina Papmeyer(University of Edinburgh), Tomáš Paus(University of Toronto), Zdenka Pausová(University of Toronto), Godfrey D. Pearlson(Yale University), Brenda W.J.H. Penninx(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Charles P. Peterson(Texas Biomedical Research Institute), Andrea Pfennig(University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus), Mary L. Phillips(University of Pittsburgh), G. Bruce Pike(University of Calgary), Jean‐Baptiste Poline(Imaging Center), Steven G. Potkin(University of California, Irvine), Benno Pütz(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Adaikalavan Ramasamy(University College London), Jerod M. Rasmussen(University of California, Irvine), Marcella Rietschel(University Hospital Heidelberg), Mark Rijpkema(Radboud University Nijmegen), Shannon L. Risacher(Indiana University School of Medicine), Joshua L. Roffman(Massachusetts General Hospital), Roberto Roiz‐Santiáñez(Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Nina Romanczuk‐Seiferth(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Emma J. Rose(RTI International), Natalie A. Royle(University of Edinburgh), Dan Rujescu, Mina Ryten(University College London), Perminder S. Sachdev(Prince of Wales Hospital), Alireza Salami(Umeå University), Theodore D. Satterthwaite(University of Pennsylvania), Jonathan Savitz(Laureate Institute for Brain Research), Andrew J. Saykin(Indiana University School of Medicine), Cathy Scanlon(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Lianne Schmaal(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Hugo G. Schnack(University Medical Center Utrecht), Andrew J. Schork(University of California, San Diego), S. Charles Schulz(University of Minnesota Medical Center), Remmelt R. Schür(University Medical Center Utrecht), Larry J. Seidman(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center), Li Shen(Indiana University School of Medicine), Jody M. Shoemaker(Mind Research Network), Andrew Simmons(Centre for Mental Health), Sanjay M. Sisodiya(University College London), Colin Smith(University of Edinburgh), Jordan W. Smoller(Massachusetts General Hospital), Jair C. Soares(The University of Texas at Austin), Scott R. Sponheim(Minneapolis VA Health Care System), Emma Sprooten(Yale University), John M. Starr(Alzheimer Scotland), Vidar M. Steen(University of Bergen), Stephen M. Strakowski(University of Cincinnati Medical Center), Lachlan T. Strike(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Jessika E. Sussmann(University of Edinburgh), Philipp G. Sämann(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Alexander Teumer(Universität Greifswald), Arthur W. Toga(University of Southern California), Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez(Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital), Daniah Trabzuni(King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre), Sarah Trost(University of Göttingen), Jessica A. Turner(Georgia State University), Martijn P. van den Heuvel(University Medical Center Utrecht), Nic J. van der Wee(Leiden University Medical Center), Kristel van Eijk(University Medical Center Utrecht), Theo G.M. van Erp(University of California, Irvine), Neeltje E. M. van Haren(University Medical Center Utrecht), Dennis van ‘t Ent(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Marie‐José van Tol(University Medical Center Groningen), Maria C. Valdés Hernández(University of Edinburgh), Dick J. Veltman(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Amelia Versace(University of Pittsburgh), Henry Völzke(Universität Greifswald), Robert Walker(University of Edinburgh), Henrik Walter(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Lei Wang(Northwestern University), Joanna M. Wardlaw(Scottish and Southern Energy (United Kingdom)), Michael E. Weale(King's College London), Michael W. Weiner(University of California, San Francisco), Wei Wen(UNSW Sydney), Lars T. Westlye(University of Oslo), Heather C. Whalley(Royal Edinburgh Hospital), Christopher D. Whelan(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), Tonya White(Erasmus University Rotterdam), Anderson M. Winkler(University of Oxford), Katharina Wittfeld(Universität Greifswald), Girma Woldehawariat(National Institutes of Health), Christiane Wolf(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), David Zilles‐Wegner(University of Göttingen), Marcel P. Zwiers(Radboud University Nijmegen), Anbupalam Thalamuthu(UNSW Sydney), Peter R. Schofield(UNSW Sydney), Nelson B. Freimer(Neurobehavioral Systems), Natalia Lawrence(University of Exeter), Wayne C. Drevets(Janssen (United States))
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Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium is a collaborative network of researchers working together on a range of large-scale studies that integrate data from 70 institutions worldwide. Organized into Working Groups that tackle questions in neuroscience, genetics, and medicine, ENIGMA studies have analyzed neuroimaging data from over 12,826 subjects. In addition, data from 12,171 individuals were provided by the CHARGE consortium for replication of findings, in a total of 24,997 subjects. By meta-analyzing results from many sites, ENIGMA has detected factors that affect the brain that no individual site could detect on its own, and that require larger numbers of subjects than any individual neuroimaging study has currently collected. ENIGMA's first project was a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume or intracranial volume. Continuing work is exploring genetic associations with subcortical volumes (ENIGMA2) and white matter microstructure (ENIGMA-DTI). Working groups also focus on understanding how schizophrenia, bipolar illness, major depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect the brain. We review the current progress of the ENIGMA Consortium, along with challenges and unexpected discoveries made on the way.
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