The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis
Frank Kunst(Institut Pasteur), Naotaka Ogasawara(Nara Institute of Science and Technology), Ivan Moszer(Institut Pasteur), Alberto Albertini(University of Pavia), G. Alloni(University of Pavia), Vasco Azevedo(Département Génétique Animale), Michela G. Bertero(Institut Pasteur), P. Bessières(Département Génétique Animale), A. Bolotin(Département Génétique Animale), S. Borchert(Goethe University Frankfurt), Rainer Borriss(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Laurent Boursier(Institut Pasteur), Alain Brans(University of Liège), Martha Braun(Qiagen (Germany)), S. C. Brignell(Newcastle University), Sierd Bron(University of Groningen), Sophie Brouillet(Institut Pasteur), Carlo V. Bruschi(AREA Science Park), B. A. Caldwell, Véronique Capuano(Département Génétique Animale), Nick Carter(Newcastle University), Soo-Keun Choi(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Jean-Jacques Codani(Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique), Ian F. Connerton(University of Reading), Nicola Cummings(University of Reading), Richard A. Daniel(University of Oxford), François Denizot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Kevin M. Devine(Trinity College Dublin), Andreas Düsterhöft(Qiagen (Germany)), S. Dusko Ehrlich(Département Génétique Animale), Peter T. Emmerson(Newcastle University), K.-D. Entian(Goethe University Frankfurt), Jeff Errington(University of Oxford), C. Fabret(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), E Ferrari, D. Foulger(University of Oxford), C. Fritz(Qiagen (Germany)), Masaya Fujita(National Institute of Genetics), Yusuke Fujita(Fukuyama University), S. Fuma(University of Tsukuba), A. Galizzi(University of Pavia), Nathalie Galleron(Département Génétique Animale), Sa‐Youl Ghim(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Philippe Glaser(Institut Pasteur), A Goffeau(UCLouvain), Elizabeth J. Golightly(Novo Nordisk (United States)), G. Grandi(Eni (Italy)), G. Guiseppi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), B. J. Guy(Newcastle University), Koki Haga(The University of Tokyo), Jacques Haiech(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Colin R. Harwood(Newcastle University), Alain Hénaut(Institut Lavoisier de Versailles), H. Hilbert(Qiagen (Germany)), Siger Holsappel(University of Groningen), Satoyo Hosono(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), Marie-Françoise Hullo(Institut Pasteur), Mitsuhiro Itaya(Mitsubishi Group (Japan)), Louis Jones(Institut Pasteur), Bernard Joris(University of Liège), Dimitri Karamata(University of Lausanne), Yasuhiro Kasahara(Nara Institute of Science and Technology), Maude Klaerr-Blanchard(Institut Pasteur), C Klein(Goethe University Frankfurt), Yasumasa Kobayashi(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), P. Koetter(Goethe University Frankfurt), Gregory M. Koningstein(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Susanne Krogh(Trinity College Dublin), Miyuki Kumano(University of Tsukuba), Kenji L. Kurita(University of Tsukuba), Alla Lapidus(Département Génétique Animale), Sophie Lardinois(University of Liège), Jürgen Lauber(Qiagen (Germany)), Vladimir Lazarević(University of Lausanne), Siow Ming Lee(Chongshin University), Anna Levine(Université Paris-Sud), Haizhou Liu(The University of Tokyo), S Masuda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), Catherine Mauël(University of Lausanne), Claudine Médigue(Institut Pasteur), Nadine Medina(Université Paris-Sud), Rafael P. Mellado(Centro Nacional de Biotecnología), Mamoru Mizuno(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), D. Moestl(Qiagen (Germany)), S. Nakai(Nara Institute of Science and Technology), Michiel Noback(University of Groningen), David Noone(Trinity College Dublin), Mary O’Reilly(Trinity College Dublin), K. Ogawa(University of Tsukuba), Atsushi Ogiwara(National Institute for Basic Biology), Bauke Oudega(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), S.-H. Park(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Vı́ctor Parro(Centro Nacional de Biotecnología), Thomas Pohl(DSI Informationstechnik (Germany)), Daniel Portetelle(Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), Steffen Porwollik(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), A. M. Prescott(University of Oxford), Elena Presecan(Institut Pasteur), Petar Pujić(Département Génétique Animale), B. Purnelle(UCLouvain), G Rapoport(Institut Pasteur), Michael W. Rey(Novo Nordisk (United States)), S. Reynolds(University of Lausanne), Michael A. Rieger, Carlo Rivolta(University of Lausanne), Eduardo P. C. Rocha(Institut Pasteur), Benjamin Roche(Université Paris-Sud), Matthias Rose(Goethe University Frankfurt), Yoshito Sadaie(National Institute of Genetics), Tsutomu Sato(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), Elizabeth Scanlan(Trinity College Dublin), Sibylle Schleich(Institut Pasteur), R. Schroeter(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), F. Scoffone(University of Pavia), JoAnn Sekiguchi(Shinshu University), Agnieszka Sekowska(Institut Pasteur), Simone J. Séror(Université Paris-Sud), Pascale Serror(Département Génétique Animale), Byung Sik Shin(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Blazenka Soldo(University of Lausanne), Alexeï Sorokin(Département Génétique Animale), Eliana MC Tacconi(University of Pavia), Toshiyuki Takagi(Tokyo University of Science), H. Takahashi(The University of Tokyo), Ken‐Ichi Takemaru(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), Michio Takeuchi(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology), Akiko Tamakoshi(University of Tsukuba), Toshihiro Tanaka(Tokai University), P. Terpstra(University of Groningen), A. Tognoni(Eni (Italy)), Valentina Tosato(AREA Science Park), Shigeki Uchiyama(Shinshu University), M. Vandenbol(Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), F. Vannier(Université Paris-Sud), A. Vassarotti(European Commission), Alain Viari(Sorbonne Université), R. Wambutt, E. Wedler, Holger Wedler, Thomas Weitzenegger(DSI Informationstechnik (Germany)), P. Winters, Anil Wipat(Newcastle University), Hiroki Yamamoto(Shinshu University), K Yamane(University of Tsukuba), Kenji Yasumoto(The University of Tokyo), K. Yata(National Institute of Genetics), Ken‐ichi Yoshida(Fukuyama University), Hirofumi Yoshikawa(The University of Tokyo), Emmanuelle Zumstein(Département Génétique Animale), Hirofumi Yoshikawa(The University of Tokyo), Antoine Danchin(Institut Pasteur)
Cited by 3,700Open Access
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.
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