Martian Fluvial Conglomerates at Gale Crater
R. M. E. Williams(Planetary Science Institute), J. P. Grotzinger(California Institute of Technology), W. E. Dietrich(Planetary Science Institute), Sanjeev Gupta(Imperial College London), D. Y. Sumner(University of California, Davis), R. C. Wiens(Los Alamos National Laboratory), N. Mangold(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. C. Malin(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), K. S. Edgett(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), S. Maurice(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), O. Forni(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), O. Gasnault(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Ollila(University of New Mexico), H. E. Newsom(University of New Mexico), Gilles Dromart(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), M. C. Palucis(Planetary Science Institute), R. A. Yingst(Planetary Science Institute), R. B. Anderson(United States Geological Survey), K. E. Herkenhoff(United States Geological Survey), Stéphane Le Mouëlic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), W. Goetz(Max Planck Society), M. B. Madsen(University of Copenhagen), Asmus Koefoed(University of Copenhagen), Jacob Krüger Jensen(University of Copenhagen), J. C. Bridges(University of Leicester), S. P. Schwenzer(The Open University), K. W. Lewis(Princeton University), K. M. Stack(California Institute of Technology), David M. Rubin(United States Geological Survey), Linda C. Kah(University of Tennessee at Knoxville), J. F. Bell(Arizona State University), Jack D. Farmer(Arizona State University), R. Sullivan(Cornell University), Tessa Van Beek(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), D. L. Blaney(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Oleg Pariser(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), R. Deen(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), MSL Science Team, Osku Kemppinen(University of Leicester), N. T. Bridges, J. R. Johnson, M. E. Minitti, David A. Cremers, Lauren Edgar, Austin Godber, M. Wadhwa, Danika Wellington, Ian McEwan, Claire Newman, M. I. Richardson, Antoine Charpentier, Laurent Péret, P. L. King, Jennifer G. Blank, Gerald Weigle, M. E. Schmidt(Cornell University), Shuai Li, R. E. Milliken, Kevin M. Robertson, V. Z. Sun, Michael B. Baker, Christopher S. Edwards, B. L. Ehlmann, Kenneth A. Farley, J. L. Griffes, Hayden Miller, Megan Newcombe, C. Pilorget(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. S. Rice, K. L. Siebach, Edward M. Stolper, C. Brunet, V. Hipkin, Richard Léveillé, Geneviève Marchand, Pablo Sobrón Sánchez, Laurent Favot, George D. Cody, A. Steele, Lorenzo Flückiger, David Lees, Ara Nefian, Mildred Martin, M. Gailhanou, Francès Westall, G. Israël, Christophe Agard, Julien Baroukh, Christophe Donny, Alain Gaboriaud, Philippe Guillemot, Vivian Lafaille, Éric Lorigny, Alexis Paillet, R. Pérez, M. Saccoccio, Charles Yana, Carlos Armiens Aparicio, Javier Rodríguez, Isaías Carrasco Blázquez, Felipe Gómez, Javier Gómez Elvira, Sebastian Hettrich, Alain Lepinette Malvitte, Mercedes Marín Jiménez, Jesús Martínez‐Frías, Javier Martín Soler, F. Javier Martín - Torres, Antonio Molina Jurado, Luis Mora‐Sotomayor, G. M. Muñoz, Sara Navarro López, Verónica Peinado González, Jorge Pla‐García, J. A. Rodríguez‐Manfredi, Julio José Romeral-Planelló, Sara Alejandra Sans Fuentes, Eduardo Sebastian Martinez, Josefina Torres Redondo, Roser Urqui O'Callaghan, María-Paz Zorzano Mier, S. J. Chipera, Jean-Luc Lacour, P. Mauchien, Jean‐Baptiste Sirven, H. L. K. Manning, Alberto González Fairén, Alexander G. Hayes, J. Joseph, S. W. Squyres, P. C. Thomas, Audrey Dupont, Angela Lundberg, Noureddine Melikechi, Alissa Mezzacappa, Julia DeMarines, David Grinspoon, Günther Reitz, Benito Prats, Evgeny Atlaskin, Maria Genzer, Ari‐Matti Harri, Harri Haukka, Henrik Kahanpää, Janne Kauhanen, Mark Paton, Jouni Polkko, W. Schmidt, T. Siili(GeoRessources), C. Fabre, J. J. Wray, Mary Beth Wilhelm, Franck Poitrasson, Kiran Patel, Stephen Gorevan, Stephen Indyk, G. Paulsen, D. L. Bish, Jüergen Schieber, B. Gondet, Yves Langevin, Claude Geffroy, David Baratoux, Gilles Berger, Alain Cros, Claude d' Uston, J. Lasue, Qiu-Mei Lee, Pierre‐Yves Meslin, E. Pallier, Yann Parot, P. Pinet, Susanne Schröder, M. J. Toplis, Éric Lewin(Planetary Science Institute), W. Brunner, Ezat Heydari, C. N. Achilles, Dorothy Z. Oehler, B. Sutter, M. Cabane, David Coscia, Cyril Szopa, F. Robert, V. Sautter, M. Nachon, A. Buch, Fabien Stalport, Patrice Coll, Pascaline François, F. Raulin, Samuel Teinturier, James F. Cameron, S. M. Clegg, A. Cousin, D. Delapp, Robert Dingler, Ryan Steele Jackson, Stephen Johnstone, N. Lanza, Cynthia Little, Tony Nelson(Planetary Science Institute), Richard B. Williams(Planetary Science Institute), Andrea Jones, L. E. Kirkland, A. H. Treiman, Burt Baker, B. A. Cantor, M. A. Caplinger, Scott Davis, Brian Duston, Donald Fay, C. Hardgrove, D. E. Harker, Paul Herrera(University of Copenhagen), Elsa Jensen, M. R. Kennedy, Gillian M. Krezoski, Daniel Krysak, Leslie Lipkaman, Elaina McCartney, Sean McNair, Brian Nixon, L. Posiolova, M. A. Ravine, Andrew Salamon, Lee Saper, Kevin Stoiber, Kimberley Supulver(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), Jason Van Beek, Robert Zimdar, Katherine L. French, Karl Iagnemma, Kristen Miller, Roger E. Summons, F. Goesmann, S. F. Hviid, Micah Johnson, Matthew Lefavor, Eric Lyness, E. A. Breves, M. D. Dyar, C. I. Fassett, D. F. Blake, T. F. Bristow, David J. DesMarais, Laurence Edwards, R. M. Haberle, Tori M. Hoehler, Jeff Hollingsworth, M. A. Kahre, Leslie Keely, Christopher P. McKay, L. V. Bleacher(Planetary Science Institute), W. B. Brinckerhoff, David S. Choi, P. G. Conrad, Jason P. Dworkin, J. L. Eigenbrode, Melissa Floyd, Caroline Freissinet, J. B. Garvin, D. P. Glavin, Daniel Harpold, Paul Mahaffy, David K. Martin, A. C. McAdam, Alexander A. Pavlov, E. Raaen, M. D. Smith, J. C. Stern, Florence Tan, M. G. Trainer, Michael A. Meÿer, Arik Posner, Mary A. Voytek(United States Geological Survey), Robert C. Anderson(United States Geological Survey), A. D. Aubrey, L. W. Beegle, A. Behar, D. E. Brinza, F. J. Calef, L. E. Christensen, J. A. Crisp, Lauren DeFlores, Jason Feldman, Sabrina Feldman, Gregory J. Flesch, J. A. Hurowitz, Insoo Jun, Didier Keymeulen, J. N. Maki, Michael Mischna, John Michael Morookian, T. J. Parker, Betina Pavri, Marcel Schoppers, Aaron Sengstacken, John J. Simmonds, N. Spanovich, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, A. R. Vasavada, Christopher R. Webster, A. S. Yen, P. D. Archer, Francis A. Cucinotta, J. H. Jones, D. W. Ming, R. V. Morris, P. B. Niles, E. B. Rampe, T. Nolan, M. R. Fisk, Leon J. Radziemski, B. L. Barraclough, Steve Bender, D. C. Berman, E. Noe Dobrea, R. L. Tokar, D. T. Vaniman, L. A. Leshin, T. Cleghorn, Wesley T. Huntress, G. Manhès, Judy Hudgins, T. Olson, Noel Stewart, P. Sarrazin, J. A. Grant, Edward P. Vicenzi, Sharon A. Wilson, M. A. Bullock, Bent Ehresmann, V. E. Hamilton, Donald M. Hassler, Joseph G. Peterson, Scot Rafkin, C. Zeitlin, F. Fedosov, D. V. Golovin, Natalya Karpushkina, Alexander Kozyrev, M. L. Litvak, A. Malakhov, И. Г. Митрофанов, Maxim Mokrousov, Sergey Nikiforov, В. А. Прохоров, А. Б. Санин, V. I. Tretyakov, A. Varenikov, Andrey Vostrukhin, R. O. Kuzmin, B. C. Clark, M. J. Wolff, S. M. McLennan, Oliver Botta, Darrell M. Drake, Keri Bean, M. T. Lemmon, Ella Mae Lee, R. Sucharski, Miguel Ángel de Pablo Hernández, J. J. Blanco, Miguel Ramos, Myung‐Hee Y. Kim, C. A. Malespin, Ianik Plante, Jan‐Peter Müller, Rafael Navarro González, R. C. Ewing(Planetary Science Institute), W. V. Boynton, Robert T. Downs, Mike Fitzgibbon, K. Harshman, Shaunna M. Morrison, Onno Kortmann(Planetary Science Institute), Amy J. Williams, G. W. Lugmair, Michael Wilson, B. M. Jakosky, T. Balić-Žunić(University of Copenhagen), J. Frydenvang, K. M. Kinch, S. L. S. Stipp, Nick Boyd, John L. Campbell, R. Gellert, G. M. Perrett, Irina Pradler, S. J. VanBommel, Samantha Jacob, Tobias Owen, Scott K. Rowland, Hannu Savijärvi, E. Boehm, S. Böttcher, S. Burmeister, Jingnan Guo, Jan Köhler, César Martín García, Reinhold Mueller Mellin, Robert Wimmer Schweingruber, Timothy McConnochie, M. Benna, H. B. Franz, Hannah Bower, Anna Brunner, Hannah Blau, Thomas Boucher, Marco Carmosino, S. K. Atreya, Harvey Elliott, Douglas Halleaux, N. O. Rennó, Michael H. Wong, Robert O. Pepin, Beverley Elliott, John Spray, L. M. Thompson, S. Gordon(Planetary Science Institute), Joshua Williams, Paulo Vasconcelos, Jennifer Bentz, Kenneth H. Nealson, Radu Popa, J. Moersch, Christopher Tate, Mackenzie Day, Gary Kocurek, B. Hallet, R. S. Sletten, Raymond Francis, Emily McCullough(University of Copenhagen), E. A. Cloutis, I. L. ten Kate, R. E. Arvidson, A. A. Fraeman, Daniel Scholes, S. Slavney, Thomas Stein, Jennifer Ward, Jeffrey A. Berger, John E. Moores
Cited by 381Open Access
Abstract
Observations by the Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (Mastcam) in Gale crater reveal isolated outcrops of cemented pebbles (2 to 40 millimeters in diameter) and sand grains with textures typical of fluvial sedimentary conglomerates. Rounded pebbles in the conglomerates indicate substantial fluvial abrasion. ChemCam emission spectra at one outcrop show a predominantly feldspathic composition, consistent with minimal aqueous alteration of sediments. Sediment was mobilized in ancient water flows that likely exceeded the threshold conditions (depth 0.03 to 0.9 meter, average velocity 0.20 to 0.75 meter per second) required to transport the pebbles. Climate conditions at the time sediment was transported must have differed substantially from the cold, hyper-arid modern environment to permit aqueous flows across several kilometers.
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