The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations

Abstract

The spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest with an extensive host plant range and an extreme record of pesticide resistance. Here we present the completely sequenced and annotated spider mite genome, representing the first complete chelicerate genome. At 90 megabases T. urticae has the smallest sequenced arthropod genome. Compared with other arthropods, the spider mite genome shows unique changes in the hormonal environment and organization of the Hox complex, and also reveals evolutionary innovation of silk production. We find strong signatures of polyphagy and detoxification in gene families associated with feeding on different hosts and in new gene families acquired by lateral gene transfer. Deep transcriptome analysis of mites feeding on different plants shows how this pest responds to a changing host environment. The T. urticae genome thus offers new insights into arthropod evolution and plant–herbivore interactions, and provides unique opportunities for developing novel plant protection strategies. The genome of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae is sequenced, providing insights into its polyphagous feeding, silk production, hormonal repertoire and reduced Hox cluster. The spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is a common agricultural pest that feeds on a wide range of hosts — including maize (corn), soya, tomatoes and peppers — and is notoriously resistant to pesticides. Its genome has now been sequenced and analysed, providing insights into its hormonal repertoire and the evolution of silk production. Transcriptome analysis of mites feeding on different plants reveals how this pest defends itself in a changing host environment and gives pointers to possible non-pesticide plant-protection strategies. The genome encodes 17 fibroin genes, and physical tests of spider-mite silk show it to be a natural nanomaterial with fibres that are more than 100 times thinner than those produced by silk spiders.