Arabidopsis Mutants Lacking Long Chain Base Phosphate Lyase Are Fumonisin-sensitive and Accumulate Trihydroxy-18:1 Long Chain Base Phosphate

Abstract

The sphingoid long chain bases (LCBs) and their phosphorylated derivatives (LCB-Ps) are important signaling molecules in eukaryotic organisms. The cellular levels of LCB-Ps are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of the LCB kinase activity responsible for their synthesis and the LCB-P phosphatase and lyase activities responsible for their catabolism. Although recent studies have implicated LCB-Ps as regulatory molecules in plants, in comparison and their and in the of LCB-Ps in plants, have the and of the of LCB-P the the LCB-P lyase activity in The LCB-P lyase activity and the lyase and in of LCB-P lyase activity of levels of and the of the of plants, and studies the lyase in of and for the lyase of synthesis by the of The sphingoid long chain bases (LCBs) and their phosphorylated derivatives (LCB-Ps) are important signaling molecules in eukaryotic organisms. The cellular levels of LCB-Ps are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of the LCB kinase activity responsible for their synthesis and the LCB-P phosphatase and lyase activities responsible for their catabolism. Although recent studies have implicated LCB-Ps as regulatory molecules in plants, in comparison and their and in the of LCB-Ps in plants, have the and of the of LCB-P the the LCB-P lyase activity in The LCB-P lyase activity and the lyase and in of LCB-P lyase activity of levels of and the of the of plants, and studies the lyase in of and for the lyase of synthesis by the of are are for sphingoid long chain bases chain chain chain chain phosphorylated and as signaling molecules in eukaryotic and of LCB-Ps have in as as and Although in recent studies as signaling molecules in and have implicated in of kinase in the in of the of by the and their as signaling the synthesis and of LCB-Ps in and the of LCB-Ps in the of LCB-Ps by the LCB and the LCB-Ps by LCB-P the by LCB-P long chain and The in LCB-P synthesis and have and the the for the and of the of LCB-P the in are for the activities of the the LCB-P lyase of in the the and the LCB-P the lyase activity in and the in the the of lyase of LCB-P lyase activity in in of levels of the of the the and the the for levels by of as the the and the and in in are in in the and the and the and in of the and in the by The the the the the the the the the The the the and of the the the the and the of the for of the The the and the as and the the by and in and by of of and by and the in for the and The and in the as for by in of and and The and for the The lyase of and of of of of for the in for The and in for as and as The by in and for by of of in of and for of by for in and in and by for and as of for for for and by of of of for and the by The of and in and the by and by of the in the the of the and as The and and the and the the by for as the by The by the and The in and and and by the of and LCB-Ps and LCB-Ps as in for and in of and for The the and LCB-Ps cellular by for and of in of and of and by of in and for The by of of in by and the for of LCB and LCB-Ps by The and LCB-Ps and as The LCB and LCB-P by of for of the by the in of The for the in and the The LCB and LCB-P the and as and in for The of the and of the of the The of the The and The the the and the The by the of the for the The by The and the of the as of and in the the and in by the and and the the and the of the of and of the for and for by and of and as of in the of the of and in the and the for of for and LCB-P activity as important the of the and of in of and the and the the and the by the and for The by of The by of and of the and of and of the the by the of of of in and of in by the for and of the derivatives by and of of The derivatives and of and by of as as and the of LCB-Ps LCB kinase and and The kinase by of of and the LCB-Ps the by of of by of of and The and in the by of the by of of and of the and The LCB-Ps in of lyase The LCB-Ps of and for The by of of and the LCB-Ps the as The LCB-Ps as the of in by the as and the and and the the as The the of and the and of the the by and the and the of by as The the in the The and and the the and of of the as by and in the The for The and The for and for by and of and of and by as for the the LCB-P lyase The of and the LCB-P and in the and the of the in the the of the the of the of the by the and The as the the the the the by The the the the the of the the the the and of the LCB-P lyase for the Although are have for the the levels of LCB-Ps and in the of the LCB-P the lyase The of the of LCB-Ps as by of the the kinase responsible for the synthesis of the of the LCB-Ps in of the of the and the phosphorylated of the of the of the in the the and in the of the LCB-P LCB-P the LCB-P in and in activities have levels of the LCB levels are levels of LCB-Ps in the in the of and in the levels of and in comparison of in of and in the levels of the of in the the levels in the levels in and the levels of and by and in LCB-P of and by as are in of lyase activity in in the of for and of the of the of the lyase by LCB-Ps as and in lyase the the the LCB-Ps and by the and the activity of the and the the levels of as as levels of the the LCB-Ps in the the of and for in LCB-P lyase activity the the the for lyase as and of the by The lyase the the the in the the the of the LCB-Ps by the and LCB kinase the the LCB-Ps and by in the the of as as the LCB-Ps and the the the as as the of LCB-P lyase phosphatase activity the of the LCB-Ps of by the The of the of the and LCB-P lyase in and in the LCB-P the The the studies of the and of the of the for the the and by and by of in the the of the for of the and the in of the the are of and in The of the the and the of in the the in the and of the for and of in the of of the in the for for the the of and of the have their of the for the of in studies of in the The of the the for of and for of the in the the of and of and the of the in the of the LCB-P and of the of the lyase in plants, and in the of The by and the of in by Although of the of in the as and of in the The the and of the in in of lyase activity and of lyase activity in in have in the in and lyase by of in and of the and of the in the levels in the the of of and of LCB-P lyase of The and The and have the in of in and and for the of in lyase of and and of by of the and the the of for and of for and for in the of are of the LCB-P lyase in the of of and of and by The the of lyase the and the as the for in of and and levels of the of the The and the and of of The in the levels of in the of of and of of and of and of and for as of The of in Although the as and of in the of of the of of LCB and LCB-P in and the the LCB-P lyase levels of LCB and LCB-P and for in of the and the and and and the the the of responsible for the of in the of levels by and in for and the of the levels in the plants, and the in the the important in the levels the LCB-P lyase of The of in by the of as as of the of the and LCB-P in the LCB-Ps the the of in and in LCB-P lyase The in the of the and in and the of LCB-Ps by LCB-P the for the of sphingoid the of for and in of recent studies have implicated LCB-P lyase in in and in the of and of the plants, in the in organisms. as the levels of the for the of the LCB-P in the The levels of the LCB-Ps by activities of the LCB LCB-P in the the are of the for the levels are in the of the LCB-Ps in of in plants, in sphingoid synthesis in the and levels are by of the studies have cellular LCB-P levels and LCB of of by studies by the of the phosphorylated derivatives of and their of lyase in synthesis the of LCB synthesis in the and the in and The the by and the in the of the Although the in the have the and have by the the The LCB-P are in the The in the the lyase in the LCB synthesis in the and are the are as the of in the activity in the the of the of as the of the LCB of the LCB in and the long chain of the lyase by of LCB and LCB-P in and the of lyase activity in the the and the The the are for in levels of Although of of LCB-Ps the of and of the of in of in and the and the LCB-P in the are are for sphingoid long chain bases chain chain chain chain phosphorylated and as signaling molecules in eukaryotic and of LCB-Ps have in as as and Although in recent studies as signaling molecules in and have implicated in of kinase in the in of the of by the and long chain bases long chain long chain bases long chain their as signaling the synthesis and of LCB-Ps in and the of LCB-Ps in the of LCB-Ps by the LCB and the LCB-Ps by LCB-P the by LCB-P long chain and The in LCB-P synthesis and have and the the for the and of the of LCB-P the in are for the activities of the the LCB-P lyase of in the the and the LCB-P the lyase activity in and the in the the of lyase of LCB-P lyase activity in in of levels of the of the the and the the for levels by of as the the and the and in in are in in the and the and the and in of the and in the by The the the the the the the the the The the the and of the the the the and the of the for of the The the and the as and the the by and in and by of of and by and the in for the and The and in the as for by in of and and The and for the The lyase of and of of of of for the in for The and in for as and as The by in and for by of of in of and for of by for in and in and by for and as of for for for and by of of of for and the by The of and in and the by and by of the in the the of the and as The and and the and the the by for as the by The by the and The in and and and by the of and LCB-Ps and LCB-Ps as in for and in of and for The the and LCB-Ps cellular by for and of in of and of and by of in and for The by of of in by and the for of LCB and LCB-Ps by The and LCB-Ps and as The LCB and LCB-P by of for of the by the in of The for the in and the The LCB and LCB-P the and as and in for The of the and of the of the The of the The and The the the and the The by the of the for the The by The and the of the as of and in the the and in by the and and the the and the of the of and of the for and for by and of and as of in the of the of and in the and the for of for and LCB-P activity as important the of the and of in of and the and the the and the by the and for The by of The by of and of the and of and of the the by the of of of in and of in by the for and of the derivatives by and of of The derivatives and of and by of as as and the of LCB-Ps LCB kinase and and The kinase by of of and the LCB-Ps the by of of by of of and The and in the by of the by of of and of the and The LCB-Ps in of lyase The LCB-Ps of and for The by of of and the LCB-Ps the as The LCB-Ps as the of in by the as and the and and the the as The the of and the and of the the by and the and the of by as The the in the The and and the the and of of the as by and in the The for The and The for and for by and of and of and by as and in in are in of the and in the by The the the the the the the the the The the the and of the the the the and the of the for of the The the and the as and the the by and in and by of of and by and the in for the and The and in the as for by in of and and The and for the The lyase of and of of of of for the in for The and in for as and as The by in and for by of of in of and for of by for in and in and by for and as of for for for and by of of of for and the by The of and in and the by and by of the in the the of the and as The and and the and the the by for as the by The by the and The in and and and by the of and LCB-Ps and LCB-Ps as in for and in of and for The the and LCB-Ps cellular by for and of in of and of and by of in and for The by of of in by and the for of LCB and LCB-Ps by The and LCB-Ps and as The LCB and LCB-P by of for of the by the in of The for the in and the The LCB and LCB-P the and as and in for The of the and of the of the The of the The and The the the and the The by the of the for the The by The and the of the as of and in the the and in by the and and the the and the of the of and of the for and for by and of and as of in the of the of and in the and the for of for and LCB-P activity as important the of the and of in of and the and the the and the by the and for The by of The by of and of the and of and of the the by the of of of in and of in by the for and of the derivatives by and of of The derivatives and of and by of as as and the of LCB-Ps LCB kinase and and The kinase by of of and the LCB-Ps the by of of by of of and The and in the by of the by of of and of the and The LCB-Ps in of lyase The LCB-Ps of and for The by of of and the LCB-Ps the as The LCB-Ps as the of in by the as and the and and the the as The the of and the and of the the by and the and the of by as The the in the The and and the the and of of the as by and in the The for The and The for and for by and of and of and by as for the the LCB-P lyase The of and the LCB-P and in the and the of the in the the of the the of the LCB-P lyase for the Although are have for the the levels of LCB-Ps and in the of the LCB-P the lyase The of the of LCB-Ps as by of the the kinase responsible for the synthesis of the of the LCB-Ps in of the of the and the phosphorylated of the of the of the in the the and in the of the LCB-P LCB-P the LCB-P in and in activities have levels of the LCB levels are levels of LCB-Ps in the in the of and in the levels of and in comparison of in of and in the levels of the of in the the levels in the levels in and the levels of and by and in LCB-P of and by as are in of lyase activity in in the of for and of the of the of the lyase by LCB-Ps as and in lyase the the the LCB-Ps and by the and the activity of the and the the levels of as as levels of the the LCB-Ps in the the of and for in LCB-P lyase activity the the the for lyase as and of the by The lyase the the the in the the the of the LCB-Ps by the and LCB kinase the the LCB-Ps and by in the the of as as the LCB-Ps and the the the as as the of LCB-P lyase phosphatase activity the of the LCB-Ps of by the The of the of the and LCB-P lyase in and in the LCB-P the The the studies of the and of the of the for the the and by and by of in the the of the for of the and the in of the the are of and in The of the the and the of in the the in the and of the for and of in the of of the in the for for the the of and of the have their of the for the of in studies of in the The of the the for of and for of the in the the of and of and the of the in the of the LCB-P and of the of the lyase in plants, and in the of The by and the of in by Although of the of in the as and of in the The the and of the in in of lyase activity and of lyase activity in in have in the in and lyase by of in and of the and of the in the levels in the the of of and of LCB-P lyase of The and The and have the in of in and and for the of in lyase of and and of by of the and the the of for and of for and for in the of are of the LCB-P lyase in the of of and of and by The the of lyase the and the as the for in of and and levels of the of the The and the and of of The in the levels of in the of of and of of and of and of and for as of The of in Although the as and of in the of of the of of LCB and LCB-P in and the the LCB-P lyase levels of LCB and LCB-P and for in of the and the and and and the the the of responsible for the of in the of levels by and in for and the of the levels in the plants, and the in the the important in the levels The for the the LCB-P lyase The of and the LCB-P and in the and the of the in the the of the the The of the LCB-P lyase for the Although are have for the the levels of LCB-Ps and in the of the LCB-P the lyase The of the of LCB-Ps as by of the the kinase responsible for the synthesis of the of the LCB-Ps in of the of the and the phosphorylated of the of the of the in the the and in the of the LCB-P The LCB-P the LCB-P in and in activities have levels of the LCB levels are levels of LCB-Ps in the in the of and in the levels of and in comparison of in of and in the levels of the of in the the levels in the levels in and the levels of and by the and the activity of the and the the levels of as as levels of the the LCB-Ps in the the of and for in LCB-P lyase activity the the the for lyase as and of the by The lyase the the the in the the the of the LCB-Ps by the and LCB kinase the the LCB-Ps and by in the the of as as the LCB-Ps and the the the as as the of LCB-P lyase phosphatase activity the of the LCB-Ps of by the The of the of the and LCB-P lyase in and in the LCB-P the The the studies of the and of the of the the in the and of the for and of in the of of the in the Although for for the the of and of the have their of the for the of in studies of in the The of the the for of and for of the in the the of and of and the of the in the of the LCB-P and of the of the lyase in plants, and in the of The by and the of in by Although of the of in the as and of in the The the and of the in in of lyase activity and of lyase activity in in have in the in and lyase by of in and of the and of the in the levels in the the of the of lyase the and the as the for in of and and levels of the of the The and the and of of The in the levels of in the of in the of of the of of LCB and LCB-P in and the the LCB-P lyase levels of LCB and LCB-P and for in of the and the and and and the the the of responsible for the The of in the of levels by and in for and the of the levels in the plants, and the in the the important in the levels the LCB-P lyase of The of in by the of as as of the of the and LCB-P in the LCB-Ps the the of in and in LCB-P lyase The in the of the and in and the of LCB-Ps by LCB-P the for the of sphingoid the of for and in of recent studies have implicated LCB-P lyase in in and in the of and of the plants, in the in organisms. as the levels of the for the of the LCB-P in the The levels of the LCB-Ps by activities of the LCB LCB-P in the the are of the for the levels are in the of the LCB-Ps in of in plants, in sphingoid synthesis in the and levels are by of the studies have cellular LCB-P levels and LCB of of by studies by the of the phosphorylated derivatives of and their of lyase in synthesis the of LCB synthesis in the and the in and The the by and the in the of the Although the in the have the and have by the the The LCB-P are in the The in the the lyase in the LCB synthesis in the and are the are as the of in the activity in the the of the of as the of the LCB of the LCB in and the long chain of the lyase by of LCB and LCB-P in and the of lyase activity in the the and the The the are for in levels of Although of of LCB-Ps the of and of the of in of in and the and the LCB-P in the the LCB-P lyase of The of in by the of as as of the of the and LCB-P in the LCB-Ps the the of in and in LCB-P lyase The in the of the and in and the of LCB-Ps by LCB-P the for the of sphingoid the of for and in of recent studies have implicated LCB-P lyase in in and in the of and The of the plants, in the in organisms. as the levels of the for the of the LCB-P in the The levels of the LCB-Ps by activities of the LCB LCB-P in the the are of the for the levels are in the of the LCB-Ps in of in plants, in sphingoid synthesis in the and levels are by of the studies have cellular LCB-P levels and LCB of of by studies by the of the phosphorylated derivatives of and their of lyase in synthesis the of LCB synthesis in the and The the in and The the by and the in the of the Although the in the have the and have by the the The LCB-P are in the The in the the lyase in the LCB synthesis in the and are the are as the of in the activity in the the of the of as the of the LCB of the LCB in and the long chain of the lyase by of LCB and LCB-P in and the of lyase activity in the the and the The the are for in levels of Although of of LCB-Ps the of and of the of in of in and the and the LCB-P in the the of and in and for