The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge
Jan Schipper(Conservation International), Janice Chanson(Conservation International), Federica Chiozza(Conservation International), Neil A. Cox(Conservation International), Michael Hoffmann(Conservation International), Vineet Katariya(Conservation International), John F. Lamoreux(Conservation International), Ana S. L. Rodrigues(Conservation International), Simon N. Stuart(Conservation International), Helen Temple(Conservation International), Jonathan Baillie(Conservation International), Luigi Boitani(Conservation International), Thomas E. Lacher(Conservation International), Russell A. Mittermeier(Conservation International), Andrew T. Smith(Conservation International), Daniel Absolon(Conservation International), John M. Aguiar(Conservation International), Giovanni Amori(Conservation International), Noura Bakkour(Conservation International), Ricardo Baldi(Conservation International), Richard J. Berridge(Conservation International), Jon Bielby(Conservation International), Patricia Ann Black(Conservation International), Julian Blanc(Conservation International), Thomas M. Brooks(Conservation International), James Burton(Conservation International), Thomas M. Butynski(Conservation International), Gianluca Catullo(Conservation International), Roselle E. Chapman(Conservation International), Zoe Cokeliss(Conservation International), Ben Collen(Conservation International), Jim Conroy(Conservation International), Justin Cooke(Conservation International), Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca(Conservation International), Andrew E. Derocher(Conservation International), Holly Dublin(Conservation International), J. W. Duckworth(Conservation International), Louise H. Emmons(Conservation International), R.H. Emslie(Conservation International), Marco Festa‐Bianchet(Conservation International), Matt Foster(Conservation International), Sabrina Foster(Conservation International), David L. Garshelis(Conservation International), Cormack C. Gates(Conservation International), Mariano Giménez-Dixon(Conservation International), Susana González(Conservation International), José F. González‐Maya(Conservation International), Tatjana Good(Conservation International), Geoffrey A. Hammerson(Conservation International), Philip S. Hammond(Conservation International), David Happold(Conservation International), Meredith Happold(Conservation International), John Hare(Conservation International), Richard B. Harris(Conservation International), Clare E. Hawkins(Conservation International), Mandy Haywood(Conservation International), Lawrence R. Heaney(Conservation International), S. Blair Hedges(Conservation International), Kristofer M. Helgen(Conservation International), Craig Hilton‐Taylor(Conservation International), Syed Ainul Hussain(Conservation International), Nobuo Ishii(Conservation International), Thomas A. Jefferson(Conservation International), Richard K. B. Jenkins(Conservation International), Charlotte H. Johnston(Conservation International), Mark Keith(Conservation International), Jonathan Kingdon(Conservation International), David Knox(Conservation International), Kit M. Kovacs(Conservation International), Penny F. Langhammer(Conservation International), Kristin Leus(Conservation International), Rebecca L. Lewison(Conservation International), Gabriela Lichtenstein(Conservation International), Lloyd F. Lowry(Conservation International), Zoe Macavoy(Conservation International), Georgina M. Mace(Conservation International), David Mallon(Conservation International), Monica Masi(Conservation International), Meghan W. McKnight(Conservation International), Rodrigo A. MedelliÌn(Conservation International), Patrícia Medici(Conservation International), Gus Mills(Conservation International), Patricia D. Moehlman(Conservation International), Sanjay Molur(Conservation International), Arturo Soberón Mora(Conservation International), Kristin Nowell(Conservation International), John F. Oates(Conservation International), Wanda Olech(Conservation International), William R. L. Oliver(Fauna and Flora International), Monik Oprea(Conservation International), Bruce D. Patterson(Conservation International), William F. Perrin(Conservation International), Beth Polidoro(Conservation International), Caroline M. Pollock(Conservation International), Abigail Powel(Conservation International), Yelizaveta Protas(Conservation International), Paul A. Racey(Conservation International), James S. Ragle(Conservation International), Pavithra Ramani(Conservation International), Galen B. Rathbun(Conservation International), Randall R. Reeves(Conservation International), Stephen B. Reilly(Conservation International), J. E. Reynolds(Conservation International), Carlo Rondinini(Conservation International), Ruth Grace B. Rosell-Ambal(Conservation International), Monica Rulli(Conservation International), Anthony B. Rylands(Conservation International), Simona Savini(Conservation International), Cody Schank(Conservation International), Wes Sechrest(Conservation International), Caryn Self-Sullivan(Conservation International), Alan Shoemaker(Conservation International), Claudio Sillero‐Zubiri(Conservation International), Naamal De Silva(Conservation International), David E. Smith(Conservation International), Chelmala Srinivasulu(Conservation International), P. J. Stephenson(Conservation International), Nico Van Strien(Conservation International), Bibhab Kumar Talukdar(Conservation International), Barbara L. Taylor(Conservation International), Rob Timmins(Conservation International), Diego G. Tirira(Conservation International), Marcelo F. Tognelli(Conservation International), Katerina Tsytsulina(Conservation International), Liza M. Veiga(Conservation International), Jean-Christophe VieÌ(Conservation International), Elizabeth A. Williamson(Conservation International), Sarah A. Wyatt(Conservation International), Yan Xie(Conservation International), Bruce E. Young(Conservation International)
Cited by 1,533
Abstract
Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.
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