Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis

Stephen Sawcer; Maria Ban; Anu Kemppinen; Alastair Compston; Sheila Skidmore; Amie Baker; Colin Freeman; Matti Pirinen; Gavin Band; Amy Strange; Gil McVean; Peter Donnelly; Zhan Su; Eleni Giannoulatou; Chris C. A. Spencer; Céline Bellenguez; Garrett Hellenthal; Anna Rautanen; Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Philip L. De Jager; Mark J. Daly; Kristin Ardlie; Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos; David A. Hafler; Cristin Aubin; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Philip L. De Jager; Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos; Susan Pobywajlo; Peter Donnelly; Loukas Moutsianas; Alexander Dilthey; Pamela Whittaker; Sara Widaa; Sarah Hunt; Matthew Waller; Rathi Ravindrarajah; Sarah Edkins; Simon Potter; Naomi Hammond; Suzannah J. Bumpstead; Emma Gray; Michelle Ricketts; Panos Deloukas; Cordelia Langford; Aarno Palotie; M. L. Perez; Matthew Gillman; Hannah Blackburn; Owen T McCann; Rhian Gwilliam; Jennifer Liddle; Serge Dronov; Paul A. Weston; Alagurevathi Jayakumar; Graeme J. Stewart; Rob N. Heard; David R. Booth; Rita Dobosi; Bénédicte Dubois; Katleen Clysters; An Goris; Annette Oturai; Per Soelberg Sørensen; Finn Sellebjerg; Helle Bach Søndergaard; Aarno Palotie; Anna-Maija Sulonen; Janna Saarela; Virpi Leppä; Bertrand Fontaine; Claire Fontenille; Isabelle Cournu‐Rebeix; Bernhard Hemmer; Muna Hoshi; Dorothea Buck; Sabine Cepok; Juliane Winkelmann; Achim Berthele; Frauke Zipp; Frauke Zipp; Roland Martinꝉ; Sabine Roesner; Stephen Leslie; Stanley Hawkins; Sandra D’alfonso; Laura Bergamaschi; Gıancarlo Comı; Mariaemma Rodegher; Vittorio Martinelli; Federica Esposito; Filippo Martinelli Boneschi; Hanne F. Harbo; Inger-Lise Mero; Elisabeth Gulowsen Celius; C. Smestad; Åslaug Rudjord Lorentzen; Hanne F. Harbo; Anne Spurkland; Marcin P. Mycko; Krzysztof Selmaj; E. Tronczyńska; Xavier Montalbán; Manuel Comabella; Ingrid Kockum; Tomas Olsson; Jan Hillert; Maja Jagodic; Jenny Link; Fredrik Piehl; Emilie Sundqvist; Izaura Lima Bomfim; Richard C. Strange; Tania Mihalova; Roby Abraham; Clive Hawkins; Jeremy Hobart; Jane Vickery; Wendy Ingram; John Zajicek; Trevor Pickersgill; M. Cossburn; K. Baker; Neil P. Robertson; Gillian Ingram; Patricia P. Ramsay; Hong Quach; Lisa F. Barcellos; Lisa F. Barcellos; Ling Shen; Catherine Schaefer; Brigid Simms-Acuna; Allan Bernstein; Lars Alfredsson; Adam Santaniello; Bruce Cree; Robin Lincoln; Stephen L. Hauser; Jorge R. Oksenberg; Sergio E. Baranzini; Refujia Gomez; Roberto Bergamaschi; Mike Boggild; Joseph Glessner; Patrick M. A. Sleiman; Frank Mentch; Rosetta Chiavacci; Jonathan P. Bradfield; Haitao Zhang; Cecilia Kim; Struan F. A. Grant; Kai Wang; Håkon Håkonarson; David Brassat; Simon Broadley; Helmut Butzkueven; Trevor J. Kilpatrick; Justin P. Rubio; Mark Marriott; Helmut Butzkueven; Trevor J. Kilpatrick; Mark Marriott; Niall Tubridy; Helmut Butzkueven; Helmut Butzkueven; Ruggero Capra; Allan G. Kermode; William M. Carroll; Paola Cavalla; Françoise Clerget‐Darpoux; Mathew Cox; Jeannette Lechner‐Scott; Rodney J. Scott; Wendy Cozen; Talat Islam; Thomas M. Mack; Laura Piccio; Anne H. Cross; Fabìo Macciardi; Erika Salvi; Sara Lupoli; Daniele Cusi; Philip L. De Jager; Mark J. Daly; Adrian J. Ivinson; Mark J. Daly; William Ollier; Katherine Dixon; Emma Davis; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Paul I. W. de Bakker; Marc Debouverie; Marie Beatrice D’hooghe; David Ellinghaus; André Franke; Stefan Schreiber; Michael Wittig; Irina Elovaara; Irina Elovaara; Jim Stankovich; Simon J. Foote; Bruce Taylor; Daniela Galimberti; Angelo Ghezzi; Olivier Gout; Colin A. Graham; Struan F.A. Grant; Patrick M. A. Sleiman; Haitao Zhang; Kai Wang; Hakon Hakonarson; Hakon Hakonarson; Struan F. A. Grant; Franca Rosa Guerini; Per Hall; Anders Hamsten; Malin Larsson; Hans-Peter Hartung; Mark Lathrop; Simon Heath; Carmen Infante‐Duarte; Michael Kabesch; Trevor J. Kilpatrick; Norman Klopp; H-Erich Wichmann; Ina-Maria Rückert; Keijo Koivisto; Jeannette Lechner‐Scott; Paola Naldi; Maurizio Leone; Virpi Leppä; Anna-Maija Sulonen; Ulrika Liljedahl; Ann-Christine Syvänen; Jianjun Liu; Åslaug Rudjord Lorentzen; Inger-Lise Mero; Sara Lupoli; Fabìo Macciardi; Deborah Mason; Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance; Jacob L. McCauley; John Mottershead; John Mottershead; Kjell-Morten Myhr; Kjell-Morten Myhr; Alison Page; Aarno Palotie; Aarno Palotie; Jean Pelletier; Mauri Reunanen; Richard Reynolds; John D. Rioux; Marco Salvetti; Francesca De Taddeo; Erika Salvi; Stefan Schreiber; Christian Schulze; David Sexton; Rebecca L. Zuvich; Jonathan L. Haines; Jenefer M. Blackwell; Jenefer M. Blackwell; Pentti J. Tienari; Elvira Bramon; Ayman Tourbah; Matthew A. Brown; Juan P. Casas; Niall Tubridy; Aiden Corvin; Janusz Jankowski; Pablo Villoslada; Hugh S. Markus; Richard C. Trembath; Christopher G. Mathew; James Wason; Colin N. A. Palmer; H-Erich Wichmann; H-Erich Wichmann; Robert Plomin; Ernest Willoughby; Juliane Winkelmann; Juliane Winkelmann; Michael Wittig; Jacqueline Yaouanq; Ananth C. Viswanathan; Nicholas Wood; Audrey Duncanson; Adrian J. Ivinson; David A. Hafler

doi:10.1038/nature10251

Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis

Stephen Sawcer(University of Cambridge), Maria Ban(University of Oxford), Anu Kemppinen(University of Oxford), Alastair Compston(University of Oxford), Sheila Skidmore(Harvard University Press), Amie Baker(University of Oxford), Colin Freeman(Centre for Human Genetics), Matti Pirinen(Centre for Human Genetics), Gavin Band(Centre for Human Genetics), Amy Strange(Centre for Human Genetics), Gil McVean(Centre for Human Genetics), Peter Donnelly(Centre for Human Genetics), Zhan Su(The University of Sydney), Eleni Giannoulatou(Centre for Human Genetics), Chris C. A. Spencer(Centre for Human Genetics), Céline Bellenguez(Centre for Human Genetics), Garrett Hellenthal(University of Copenhagen), Anna Rautanen(Centre for Human Genetics), Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos(Broad Institute), Paul I. W. de Bakker(Broad Institute), Philip L. De Jager(Broad Institute), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), Kristin Ardlie(Broad Institute), Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos(Broad Institute), David A. Hafler(Broad Institute), Cristin Aubin(Broad Institute), Paul I. W. de Bakker(Broad Institute), Philip L. De Jager(Broad Institute), Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos(Broad Institute), Susan Pobywajlo(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Peter Donnelly(Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Loukas Moutsianas(University of Oxford), Alexander Dilthey(University of Oxford), Pamela Whittaker(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Sara Widaa(University of Oslo), Sarah Hunt(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Matthew Waller(University of Oslo), Rathi Ravindrarajah(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Sarah Edkins(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Simon Potter(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Naomi Hammond(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Suzannah J. Bumpstead(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Emma Gray(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Michelle Ricketts(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Panos Deloukas(University of Cambridge), Cordelia Langford(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), M. L. Perez(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Matthew Gillman(University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust), Hannah Blackburn(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Owen T McCann(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Rhian Gwilliam(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jennifer Liddle(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Serge Dronov(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Paul A. Weston(Kaiser Permanente), Alagurevathi Jayakumar(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Graeme J. Stewart(Millennium Institute), Rob N. Heard(Millennium Institute), David R. Booth(Broad Institute), Rita Dobosi(Broad Institute), Bénédicte Dubois(University of Cambridge), Katleen Clysters(KU Leuven), An Goris(University of California, San Francisco), Annette Oturai(Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Per Soelberg Sørensen(Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center), Finn Sellebjerg(Kaiser Permanente), Helle Bach Søndergaard(Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), Anna-Maija Sulonen(University of Helsinki), Janna Saarela(University of Helsinki), Virpi Leppä(Griffith University), Bertrand Fontaine(Inserm), Claire Fontenille(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Isabelle Cournu‐Rebeix(Inserm), Bernhard Hemmer(The University of Western Australia), Muna Hoshi(TUM Klinikum), Dorothea Buck(University of Oslo), Sabine Cepok(TUM Klinikum), Juliane Winkelmann(TUM Klinikum), Achim Berthele(Université Paris-Sud), Frauke Zipp(Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Frauke Zipp(Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Roland Martinꝉ(Institute of Neuroimmunology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences), Sabine Roesner(Sorbonne Université), Stephen Leslie(University of Oxford), Stanley Hawkins(University of Southern California), Sandra D’alfonso (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Laura Bergamaschi(Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Gıancarlo Comı(University of Milan), Mariaemma Rodegher(Harvard University Press), Vittorio Martinelli(University of Manchester), Federica Esposito(Broad Institute), Filippo Martinelli Boneschi(San Raffaele University of Rome), Hanne F. Harbo(Oslo University Hospital), Inger-Lise Mero (Oslo University Hospital), Elisabeth Gulowsen Celius(Oslo University Hospital), C. Smestad(Oslo University Hospital), Åslaug Rudjord Lorentzen(Oslo University Hospital), Hanne F. Harbo(Oslo University Hospital), Anne Spurkland(University of Oslo), Marcin P. Mycko(Sorbonne Université), Krzysztof Selmaj(University of Tasmania), E. Tronczyńska(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Xavier Montalbán(Hebron University), Manuel Comabella(Hebron University), Ingrid Kockum(Karolinska University Hospital), Tomas Olsson(Karolinska University Hospital), Jan Hillert(Karolinska University Hospital), Maja Jagodic(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), Jenny Link(Karolinska University Hospital), Fredrik Piehl(Karolinska University Hospital), Emilie Sundqvist(Karolinska University Hospital), Izaura Lima Bomfim(Karolinska University Hospital), Richard C. Strange(Karolinska Institutet), Tania Mihalova(Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf), Roby Abraham(The University of Sydney), Clive Hawkins(Keele University), Jeremy Hobart(Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry), Jane Vickery(Technical University of Munich), Wendy Ingram(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), John Zajicek(Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry), Trevor Pickersgill(University Hospital of Wales), M. Cossburn(University of Southern California), K. Baker(University Hospital of Wales), Neil P. Robertson(University Hospital of Wales), Gillian Ingram(The University of Western Australia), Patricia P. Ramsay(California Health and Human Services Agency), Hong Quach(California Health and Human Services Agency), Lisa F. Barcellos(California Health and Human Services Agency), Lisa F. Barcellos(California Health and Human Services Agency), Ling Shen(Kaiser Permanente), Catherine Schaefer(Kaiser Permanente), Brigid Simms-Acuna(Kaiser Permanente), Allan Bernstein(Kaiser Permanente), Lars Alfredsson(University of Helsinki), Adam Santaniello(Uppsala University), Bruce Cree(University of California, San Francisco), Robin Lincoln(University of California, San Francisco), Stephen L. Hauser(University of California, San Francisco), Jorge R. Oksenberg(Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Sergio E. Baranzini(University of California, San Francisco), Refujia Gomez(University of California, San Francisco), Roberto Bergamaschi(University of Milan), Mike Boggild(University of Southern California), Joseph Glessner(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Patrick M. A. Sleiman(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Frank Mentch(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Rosetta Chiavacci(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Jonathan P. Bradfield(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Haitao Zhang(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Cecilia Kim(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Struan F. A. Grant(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Kai Wang (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Håkon Håkonarson(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), David Brassat(Inserm), Simon Broadley(Griffith University), Helmut Butzkueven(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Trevor J. Kilpatrick(Broad Institute), Justin P. Rubio(The University of Melbourne), Mark Marriott (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Helmut Butzkueven(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Trevor J. Kilpatrick(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Mark Marriott (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Niall Tubridy(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Helmut Butzkueven(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Helmut Butzkueven(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Ruggero Capra(Imperial College London), Allan G. Kermode(The University of Western Australia), William M. Carroll(The University of Western Australia), Paola Cavalla(Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria San Giovanni Battista), Françoise Clerget‐Darpoux(Université Paris-Sud), Mathew Cox(University of Newcastle Australia), Jeannette Lechner‐Scott(John Hunter Hospital), Rodney J. Scott(University of Milan), Wendy Cozen(University of Southern California), Talat Islam(University of Southern California), Thomas M. Mack(University of Southern California), Laura Piccio(Washington University in St. Louis), Anne H. Cross(Washington University in St. Louis), Fabìo Macciardi(University of Copenhagen), Erika Salvi(Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research), Sara Lupoli(San Raffaele University of Rome), Daniele Cusi(Kaiser Permanente), Philip L. De Jager(Broad Institute), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), Adrian J. Ivinson(Harvard University), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), William Ollier(University of Copenhagen), Katherine Dixon(University of Copenhagen), Emma Davis(University of Tasmania), Paul I. W. de Bakker(Broad Institute), Paul I. W. de Bakker(Broad Institute), Marc Debouverie(Karolinska Institutet), Marie Beatrice D’hooghe(Uppsala University), David Ellinghaus(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), André Franke(University of Tasmania), Stefan Schreiber(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Michael Wittig(University of Helsinki), Irina Elovaara(South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust), Irina Elovaara(Tampere University Hospital), Jim Stankovich(University of Tasmania), Simon J. Foote(University of Tasmania), Bruce Taylor(University of London), Daniela Galimberti(University College Dublin), Angelo Ghezzi(Trinity College Dublin), Olivier Gout(Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild), Colin A. Graham(Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), Struan F.A. Grant(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Patrick M. A. Sleiman(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Haitao Zhang(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Kai Wang (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Hakon Hakonarson(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Hakon Hakonarson(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Struan F. A. Grant (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Franca Rosa Guerini(King's College London), Per Hall(Karolinska Institutet), Anders Hamsten(Karolinska University Hospital), Malin Larsson(Karolinska University Hospital), Hans-Peter Hartung(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Mark Lathrop(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust), Simon Heath(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), Carmen Infante‐Duarte(Max Delbrück Center), Michael Kabesch(Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), Trevor J. Kilpatrick(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Norman Klopp(Helmholtz Zentrum München), H-Erich Wichmann(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Ina-Maria Rückert (Helmholtz Zentrum München), Keijo Koivisto(Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences), Jeannette Lechner‐Scott(University of California, San Francisco), Paola Naldi(Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Maurizio Leone(Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”), Virpi Leppä (University of Helsinki), Anna-Maija Sulonen(University of Helsinki), Ulrika Liljedahl(Uppsala University Hospital), Ann-Christine Syvänen(Uppsala University Hospital), Jianjun Liu(University of Helsinki), Åslaug Rudjord Lorentzen(Oslo University Hospital), Inger-Lise Mero(Oslo University Hospital), Sara Lupoli(University of California, San Francisco), Fabìo Macciardi(University of California, Irvine), Deborah Mason(University of Oxford), Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance(University of Cambridge), Jacob L. McCauley(Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation), John Mottershead(Dunedin Public Hospital), John Mottershead(Dunedin Public Hospital), Kjell-Morten Myhr(Haukeland University Hospital), Kjell-Morten Myhr(Haukeland University Hospital), Alison Page(Derriford Hospital), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), Jean Pelletier(Hôpital de la Timone), Mauri Reunanen(Oulu University Hospital), Richard Reynolds(Hammersmith Hospital), John D. Rioux(Montreal Heart Institute), Marco Salvetti(Sapienza University of Rome), Francesca De Taddeo(Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research), Erika Salvi (Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research), Stefan Schreiber(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Christian Schulze(Protein Express (United States)), David Sexton(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), Rebecca L. Zuvich(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), Jonathan L. Haines(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), Jenefer M. Blackwell(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Jenefer M. Blackwell(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Pentti J. Tienari(Helsinki University Hospital), Elvira Bramon(South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust), Ayman Tourbah(Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne), Matthew A. Brown(The University of Queensland), Juan P. Casas(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Niall Tubridy(The Royal Melbourne Hospital), Aiden Corvin(Trinity College Dublin), Janusz Jankowski(Queen Mary University of London), Pablo Villoslada(Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer), Hugh S. Markus(St George's, University of London), Richard C. Trembath(Guy's Hospital), Christopher G. Mathew(Guy's Hospital), James Wason(MRC Biostatistics Unit), Colin N. A. Palmer(University of Dundee), H-Erich Wichmann(Helmholtz Zentrum München), H-Erich Wichmann(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Robert Plomin(King's College London), Ernest Willoughby(Auckland City Hospital), Juliane Winkelmann(TUM Klinikum), Juliane Winkelmann(TUM Klinikum), Michael Wittig(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Jacqueline Yaouanq(Hôpital Pontchaillou), Ananth C. Viswanathan(Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Nicholas Wood(National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery), Audrey Duncanson(Wellcome Trust), Adrian J. Ivinson(Harvard University), David A. Hafler(Broad Institute)

Nature

August 1, 2011

10.1038/nature10251

Cited by 2,733Open Access

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