Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Rushdy Ahmad(University of Washington), R. C. Allen(University of California, Irvine), Thomas Andersen(University of Guelph), J. D. Anglin(National Research Council Canada), J. C. Barton(University of Oxford), E. W. Beier(University of Pennsylvania), M. Bercovitch(National Research Council Canada), J. Bigu(Laurentian University), S. D. Biller(University of Oxford), R. A. Black(University of Oxford), I. Blevis(Carleton University), R. J. Boardman(University of Oxford), J. Boger(Brookhaven National Laboratory), E. Bonvin(Queen's University), M. G. Boulay(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. G. Bowler(University of Oxford), T. J. Bowles(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. J. Brice(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. C. Browne(Los Alamos National Laboratory), T. V. Bullard(University of Washington), G. Bühler(University of California, Irvine), J. Cameron(University of Oxford), Y. D. Chan(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), H. H. Chen(University of California, Irvine), M. Chen(Queen's University), X. Chen(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), B. T. Cleveland(University of Oxford), E. T. H. Clifford(Queen's University), J. H. M. Cowan(Laurentian University), D. F. Cowen(University of Pennsylvania), G. A. Cox(University of Washington), X. Dai(University of Oxford), F. Dalnoki‐Veress(Carleton University), W.F. Davidson(National Research Council Canada), P. J. Doe(Los Alamos National Laboratory), G. Doucas(University of Oxford), M. R. Dragowsky(Los Alamos National Laboratory), C. A. Duba(University of Washington), F. A. Duncan(Queen's University), M. Dunford(University of Pennsylvania), J. Dunmore(University of Oxford), E. D. Earle(Queen's University), S. R. Elliott(Los Alamos National Laboratory), H. C. Evans(Queen's University), G. T. Ewan(Queen's University), J. Farine(Laurentian University), H. Fergani(University of Oxford), A. P. Ferraris(University of Oxford), R. Ford(Queen's University), J. A. Formaggio(University of Washington), M. M. Fowler(Los Alamos National Laboratory), K. C. Frame(University of Oxford), E.D. Frank(University of Pennsylvania), W. Frati(University of Pennsylvania), N. Gagnon(Los Alamos National Laboratory), J. V. Germani(University of Washington), Salvador Gil(University of British Columbia), K. Graham(Queen's University), D. R. Grant(Carleton University), R. L. Hahn(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. L. Hallin(Queen's University), E. D. Hallman(Laurentian University), A. S. Hamer(Los Alamos National Laboratory), A. A. Hamian(University of Washington), W. B. Handler(Queen's University), Rizwan Haq(Laurentian University), C. K. Hargrove(Carleton University), P. J. Harvey(Queen's University), R. Hazama(University of Washington), K. M. Heeger(University of Washington), W. J. Heintzelman(University of Pennsylvania), J. Heise(Los Alamos National Laboratory), R. L. Helmer(TRIUMF), J. D. Hepburn(Queen's University), H. Heron(University of Oxford), JoAnne L. Hewett(Laurentian University), A. Hime(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. Howe(University of Washington), J. G. Hykawy(Laurentian University), M. C. Perillo Isaac(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), P. Jagam(University of Guelph), N.A. Jelley(University of Oxford), C. Jillings(Queen's University), G. Jonkmans(Laurentian University), K. Kazkaz(University of Washington), P. Keener(University of Pennsylvania), J. R. Klein(University of Pennsylvania), A. Knox(University of Oxford), R. J. Komar(University of British Columbia), R. T. Kouzes(Princeton University), T. Kutter(University of British Columbia), Christopher C. M. Kyba(University of Pennsylvania), J. Law(University of Guelph), I. Lawson(University of Guelph), M. Lay(University of Oxford), H. W. Lee(Queen's University), K. T. Lesko(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), J. R. Leslie(Queen's University), I. Levine(Carleton University), W. Locke(University of Oxford), S. Luoma(Laurentian University), J. Lyon(University of Oxford), Steve Majerus(University of Oxford), H.‐B. Mak(Queen's University), J. Maneira(Queen's University), J. Manor(University of Washington), A. D. Marino(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), N. McCauley(University of Oxford), A. B. McDonald(Princeton University), D. S. McDonald(University of Pennsylvania), K. W. McFarlane(Carleton University), G. McGregor(University of Oxford), R. Meijer Drees(University of Washington), C. Mifflin(Carleton University), Guthrie Miller(Los Alamos National Laboratory), G.M. Milton(Atomic Energy (Canada)), B. A. Moffat(Queen's University), M. Moorhead(University of Oxford), C. W. Nally(University of British Columbia), M. S. Neubauer(University of Pennsylvania), F. M. Newcomer(University of Pennsylvania), Huah Shin Ng(University of British Columbia), A. J. Noble(TRIUMF), E. B. Norman(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), В. М. Новіков(Carleton University), M. O'Neill(Carleton University), C. Okada(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), R. W. Ollerhead(University of Guelph), M. Omori(University of Oxford), J. L. Orrell(University of Washington), S. M. Oser(University of Pennsylvania), A. W. P. Poon(Los Alamos National Laboratory), T. J. Radcliffe(Queen's University), A. Roberge(Laurentian University), B.C. Robertson(Queen's University), R. G. H. Robertson(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. S. E. Rosendahl(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), J.K. Rowley(Brookhaven National Laboratory), Vadim Rusu(University of Pennsylvania), E. Saettler(Laurentian University), K. K. Schaffer(University of Washington), M. H. Schwendener(Laurentian University), Anett Schülke(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), H. Seifert(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. Shatkay(Carleton University), J. J. Simpson(University of Guelph), C. J. Sims(University of Oxford), D. Sinclair(TRIUMF), P. Skensved(Queen's University), A. R. Smith(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), M. W. E. Smith(University of Washington), T. Spreitzer(University of Pennsylvania), N. Starinsky(Carleton University), T. D. Steiger(University of Washington), R. G. Stokstad(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), L. C. Stonehill(University of Washington), R. S. Storey(National Research Council Canada), B. Sur(Queen's University), R. Tafirout(Laurentian University), N. Tagg(University of Oxford), N.W. Tanner(University of Oxford), R. K. Taplin(University of Oxford), M. Thorman(University of Oxford), P. M. Thornewell(University of Oxford), P.T. Trent(University of Oxford), Yaroslav Tserkovnyak(University of British Columbia), R. Van Berg(University of Pennsylvania), R. G. Van de Water(Los Alamos National Laboratory), C.J. Virtue(Laurentian University), Chris Waltham(University of British Columbia), J.-X. Wang(University of Guelph), D. L. Wark(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), N. West(University of Oxford), J.B. Wilhelmy(Los Alamos National Laboratory), J. F. Wilkerson(Los Alamos National Laboratory), J. R. Wilson(University of Oxford), P. Wittich(University of Pennsylvania), J.M. Wouters(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. Yeh(Brookhaven National Laboratory)
Cited by 2,988Open Access
Abstract
Observations of neutral-current $\ensuremath{\nu}$ interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ shape, the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component of the ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar flux is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{e}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.76}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.05}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.09}^{+0.09}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non- ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3.41}_{\ensuremath{-}0.45}^{+0.45}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.45}^{+0.48}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $5.3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{NC}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5.09}_{\ensuremath{-}0.43}^{+0.44}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.43}^{+0.46}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, consistent with solar models.
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