Anti‐<scp>PEG</scp>immunity: emergence, characteristics, and unaddressed questions

Abstract

The modification of protein and nanoparticle therapeutics with polyethylene glycol ( PEG ), a flexible, uncharged, and highly hydrophilic polymer, is a widely adopted approach to reduce RES clearance, extend circulation time, and improve drug efficacy. Nevertheless, an emerging body of literature, generated by numerous research groups, demonstrates that the immune system can produce antibodies that specifically bind PEG , which can lead to the ‘accelerated blood clearance’ of PEGylated therapeutics. In animals, anti‐ PEG immunity is typically robust but short‐lived and consists of a predominantly anti‐ PEG IgM response. Rodent studies suggest that the induction of anti‐ PEG antibodies (α‐ PEG Abs) primarily occurs through a type 2 T‐cell independent mechanism. Although anti‐ PEG immunity is less well‐studied in humans, the presence of α‐ PEG Abs has been correlated with reduced efficacy of PEGylated therapeutics in clinical trials. The prevalence of anti‐ PEG IgG and reports of memory immune responses, as well as the existence of α‐ PEG Abs in healthy untreated individuals, suggests that the mechanism(s) and features of human anti‐ PEG immune responses may differ from those of animal models. Many questions, including the incidence rate of pre‐existing α‐ PEG Abs and immunological mechanism(s) of α‐ PEG Ab formation in humans, must be answered in order to fully address the potential complications of anti‐ PEG immunity. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:655–677. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1339 This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery &gt; Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology &gt; Nanoscale Systems in Biology Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine &gt; Toxicology of Nanomaterials