Measurement of discharge using tracers

Abstract

Introduction 1 Theory 3 Slug injection 3 Constant-rate injection 5 Slug-injection method 9 Overview 9 Preparation Reach selection Estimation of needed tracer amounts Preparation of injection solution Field equipment Fluorometer calibration Performance Selection of measurement reach Background samples Dye injection Sampling the dye cloud Fluorometric analysis Data analysis and computation of discharge Alternate method of analysis and computation Alternate method of measurement Constant-rate injection method Overview Preparation Selection of dye concentrations and injection rates Preparation of injection solutions Bulk solutions Prepackaged dye quantities Constant-rate injection equipment Pumps Mariotte vessels Chemical-feed devices Performance Selection of measurement reach Background samples Dye preparation, injection, and sampling Measurement of injection rate Sampling the plateau Fluorometric analysis Computation of discharge Discussion Measurements with less than optimum mixing The Use of Relative Concentrations Relative concentrations based on stock solutions 40 Relative concentrations based on injected solutions 42 iv Mixing length Injection schemes Dye losses Special measurements Beneath ice Site preparations Tracer preparation and injection Sampling Analysis Canals and pipes Measurement during unsteady flow Concepts Results Automatic dilution gaging Injection system Sample recovery system Velocity area measurements Appendix A -Computation of percentage mixing Appendix B -Forms and sample computations Selected