Arturo Jiménez Cruz

Background: The difference in the perception between the perceived silhouette and the desired silhouette has been defined as body image dissatisfaction (BID). Objective: To review the type of methods for measuring BID, the frequency of BID among children and adolescents. Method: We searched studies through electronic databases (PubMed, Scielo and EBSCOhost), from cross-sectional studies published in English or Spanish. Eligible studies assessing BID in children and adolescents published in Spanish and English, from April 2010 to April 2015. Age, sex, weight and method or scale used to evaluate the BID and the self- perception of body weight were assessed. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and included children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years. Nine types of measurement methods of BID were found. In most of the studies, temporal stability and validity test were performed. In BID studies where frequency was reported, ranged from 44% to 83% for overweight or obese and 1.7% a 37% for underweight. In some studies, BID was associated with age and was more frequent among girls. BID was also present in thin boys. Conclusion: BID was more frequent among girls and was positively associated with BMI. Despite the variety of methods used, the results are consistent.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal cohort data of patients with tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are lacking. In our global study, we describe long-term outcomes of patients affected by TB and COVID-19. METHODS: We collected data from 174 centres in 31 countries on all patients affected by COVID-19 and TB between 1 March 2020 and 30 September 2022. Patients were followed-up until cure, death or end of cohort time. All patients had TB and COVID-19; for analysis purposes, deaths were attributed to TB, COVID-19 or both. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional risk-regression models, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival and mortality attributed to TB, COVID-19 or both. RESULTS: those dying because of either TB or COVID-19 alone (p<0.001). Significant adjusted risk factors for TB mortality were higher age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07), HIV infection (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.02-5.16) and invasive ventilation (HR 4.28, 95% CI 2.34-7.83). For COVID-19 mortality, the adjusted risks were higher age (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04), male sex (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.24-3.91), oxygen requirement (HR 7.93, 95% CI 3.44-18.26) and invasive ventilation (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.36-3.53). CONCLUSIONS: In our global cohort, death was the outcome in >10% of patients with TB and COVID-19. A range of demographic and clinical predictors are associated with adverse outcomes.

To assess the validity of a questionnaire developed for parents of preschool children to know their physical activity (PA) status, we compared the questionnaire results with the measures of accelerometer for children's activities. Thirty-five preschoolers who wore the accelerometer for at least 10 hours daily on 3 weekdays and one weekend day were included in the analyses. Time spent in activities of varied intensity was calculated by applying 15-second ActiGraph count cutoffs (ACC). Parents' perceptions of their children's PA were associated with the percentage of vigorous and moderate physical activity recorded with ACC at r = 0.62 (p = 0.0001). An association was shown between the percentage of a child's time spent in vigorous physical activity, as reported by parents, with that measured by ACC at r = 0.53 (p = 0.001). Results of this study suggest that the designed questionnaire might be a useful tool for assessing children's activity while, additionally, it warrants further investigation on larger samples of children.

INTRODUCTION: some experts have suggested out that low carbohydrate diets (LCD) are more effective for weight loss and glycemic control. However, long term results are controversial. OBJETIVE: to review and analyze randomized control studies that evaluate the effect of LCD on weight and metabolic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes for a period equal to or greater than 10 months. METHODS: a systematic review was conducted on randomized trials registered in PubMed, EBSCOhost and Scielo to May 15th 2015, published in English and Spanish, with the following search data: "diabetes mellitus" AND "carbohydrate restricted diet" OR "restricted carbohydrate diet" OR "low carbohydrate diet" AND "weight loss". RESULTS: four studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 444 participants between 18-70yo. Follow-up time ranged between 10 to 24 months. Three out of the four studies reported weight reduction with LCD. However, when LCD were compared with other diets no significant differences in weight loss or A1C levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS: this review showed that three of four studies on the LCD were effective for weight loss over a period of 10 to 24 months. However, there was no evidence showing better results than those observed with other diets. Nor, difference in A1C.