Thomas Davis

Abstract Immune checkpoint blockade is effective for some patients with cancer, but most are refractory to current immunotherapies and new approaches are needed to overcome resistance 1,2 . The protein tyrosine phosphatases PTPN2 and PTPN1 are central regulators of inflammation, and their genetic deletion in either tumour cells or immune cells promotes anti-tumour immunity 3–6 . However, phosphatases are challenging drug targets; in particular, the active site has been considered undruggable. Here we present the discovery and characterization of ABBV-CLS-484 (AC484), a first-in-class, orally bioavailable, potent PTPN2 and PTPN1 active-site inhibitor. AC484 treatment in vitro amplifies the response to interferon and promotes the activation and function of several immune cell subsets. In mouse models of cancer resistant to PD-1 blockade, AC484 monotherapy generates potent anti-tumour immunity. We show that AC484 inflames the tumour microenvironment and promotes natural killer cell and CD8 + T cell function by enhancing JAK–STAT signalling and reducing T cell dysfunction. Inhibitors of PTPN2 and PTPN1 offer a promising new strategy for cancer immunotherapy and are currently being evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumours (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04777994 ). More broadly, our study shows that small-molecule inhibitors of key intracellular immune regulators can achieve efficacy comparable to or exceeding that of antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade in preclinical models. Finally, to our knowledge, AC484 represents the first active-site phosphatase inhibitor to enter clinical evaluation for cancer immunotherapy and may pave the way for additional therapeutics that target this important class of enzymes.

Mixed crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ undergo ferroelectric transitions for $0.05<x<0.72$. A maximum in the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition temperature is observed for $x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.55$. For $0.05<x<0.55$, the transition is to a tetragonal ferroelectric phase. For $0.55<x<0.72$, the transition appears to be from cubic perovskite to an orthorhombic phase. Underdamped "soft" modes have been observed by means of Raman scattering in the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. Raman line shapes are considerably different from those previously found in ferroelectrics, and a simple empirical expression for line shape is presented.