R Schneider

Article Das Mini-Erythrozyten-Aggregometer: Ein neues Gerät zur schnellen Quantifizierung des Ausmaßes der Erythrozyten-aggregation Mini Erythrocyte Aggregometer: A New Apparatus for Rapid Quantification of the extent of Erythrocyte Aggregation was published on January 1, 1982 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 27, issue 9).

In order to provide a pathogenetically oriented differentiation of brain infarctions on the basis of CT-morphological criteria, the CTs of 422 patients with visible brain infarctions were analysed. All of the supratentorial lesions were classified according to topographical features and were associated with the underlying cardio-vascular and other general diseases. This concept lead to a typology of brain infarctions which allowed for a differentiation of ischaemic lesions due to cerebral microangiopathy on the one hand (i.e. lacunar infarctions, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy), and lesions due to cerebral macroangiopathy on the other. The latter were hemodynamically induced terminal supply area infarctions and watershed infarctions or territorial infarctions due to thromboembolism. A third group of symmetrical subcortical lesions were associated with hypoxia. The frequencies of cerebral lesions within the whole cohort were as follows: 34% cerebral microangiopathy, 45% macroangiopathy, 1% generalised hypoxia, 10% miscellaneous lesions and 10% non-classifiable infarctions. Stenosing lesions of the extracranial brain supplying arteries were found in 22% of the microangiopathy group but in 71% of the macroangiopathy group. Patients with territorial infarctions presented with embolising extracranial vascular lesions in 42% and with embolising heart disease in 21% of the cases. Local thrombosis of the intracranial large arteries was a rare event. Hypoxia occurred due to haemorrhagic shock, carbon monoxide poisoning, air embolism and strangulation. The following conclusions were drawn: In patients with cerebral microangiopathy any procedures aimed at the diagnosis and therapy of major vessel disease are not useful. Therapy should follow the principles of internal medicine. If haemodynamically induced infarctions are present, the clinician's primary task is to look for high grade extracranial vessel lesions. Recanalizing techniques (endarterectomy and ECIC-bypass) are the main therapeutical strategies. In territorial infarctions the embolising extracranial vessel lesions may be haemodynamically non-significant. An intra-arterial source of emboli should be removed by the vascular surgeon. In younger patients, however, and in patients with normal Doppler findings and/or multiple territorial infarctions, a cardiac source of emboli is highly probable and its diagnosis should be pursued consistently. Bilateral symmetrical ganglionic infarctions are indicative of hypoxia and help to exlude other causes of the severe neurological disturbances associated with this condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The medical records and radiographs of all horses with a third carpal bone fracture admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1979 to 1987 were reviewed. Three hundred and seventy-one fractures were found in 313 horses; 57 percent were Standardbreds, 41 per cent were Thoroughbreds, and only 1.6 per cent were Quarterhorses. All were young racehorses (average age = 3.1 years). Third carpal fractures occurred more frequently in the right limb (60 percent) than the left limb (40 percent); Thoroughbreds had a greater right-left disparity (67.5 percent R, 27.1 per cent L). Fractures were classified according to their size and anatomical location within the third carpal bone: incomplete fractures of the radial facet (type 1, N = 39), large proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 2, N = 140), small proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 3, N = 18), medial corner fractures (type 4, N = 13), frontal plane slab fractures of the radial facet (type 5, N = 93), large frontal plane slab fractures involving both the radial and intermediate facets (type 6, N = 35), fractures of the intermediate facet (type 7 N = 13), and sagittal slab fractures (type 8, N = 20). The incidence of each fracture type was significantly different between Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Type 1 and 2 fracture were more common in Standardbreds; type 5 and 6 fractures were more common in Thoroughbreds. Differences between these two breeds are related to the different gaits at which they race. The classification more accurately describes the extent of injury and the variation in fractures observed in this study than the traditional division as chips or slabs. A high quality skyline projection is important in correctly identifying these fractures; over 10 percent of the fractures were detected only on this view.

Background: Urolithiasis is a common urological problem that is associated with high morbidity. A comprehensive assessment of the non-fatal and fatal health trends of urolithiasis by age, sex, and geography over time is necessary to inform policy to control this surgically managed non-communicable disease. Methods: This study was conducted using the standard GBD methodology and analytic tools. Cause-specific mortality rate (CSMR) was estimated using vital registration and verbal autopsy data and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) modelling tool. CSMR estimates and incidence data from medical insurance claims and hospital discharges were analysed using a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to estimate age-, sex-, and location-specific incidence of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs due to urolithiasis were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by multiplying the disability weight by the symptomatic proportion of urolithiasis cases. The Global Burden of Diseases study used de-identified data, approved by the University of Washington IRB (Study Number 9060). Findings: There were 106 million (95% UI 88.3-129.0) incident cases of urolithiasis in 2021, of which 67% were in men (71.1 million [59.4-86.2)]). The global number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased by 26.7% (23.8-29.8), 60.3% (41.5-84.7), and 34.5% (24.6-47.3), respectively, between 2000 and 2021. The global age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis experienced a significant decrease of 17.5% (14.7-20.0), while the age-standardised DALYs rate saw a reduction of 15.1% (6.8-21.3). Twelve GBD regions showed declining trends in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021, and the remaining nine GBD regions had an increasing trend of age-standardised rates of urolithiasis. A significant increase in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was observed in Central America, Tropical Latin America, and the Caribbean regions, whereas notable decline was observed in east Asia, eastern Europe, central Europe, and high-income North America. It was observed that the global age-standardised death rate was less than 0.5 per 100,000 across all GBD regions and less than 1 per 100,000 across all SDI quintiles, with fairly stable global age-standardised death rates of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021. The age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis was 837 (688-1034) in low SDI regions and 1443 (12,108-1734) in high-middle SDI regions. Furthermore, the age-standardised DALY rate showed a decreasing trend across all SDI quintiles over the same period: high-middle SDI (-28.9% [-34.4 to -23.0]), middle SDI (-22.6% [-30.5 to -10.9]), and low-middle SDI (-2.9% [-15.8 to 12.9]). Interpretation: Global urolithiasis incidence and DALY rates have decreased, while the death rate has stabilised worldwide, showing significant variability among regions, SDI levels, and countries. This could be due to effective preventive measures c on urolithiasis risk factors, effective public health education, lifestyle changes, and early interventions and improved health care access at the global level. This analysis offers relevant insights into global, regional, and country-specific urolithiasis trends. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.