Cascade Reactions in Multicompartmentalized PolymersomesRuud J. R. W. Peters, Maïté Marguet, Sébastien Marais et al.|Angewandte Chemie International Edition|2013 Enzyme-filled polystyrene-b-poly(3-(isocyano-L-alanyl-aminoethyl)thiophene) (PS-b-PIAT) nanoreactors are encapsulated together with free enzymes and substrates in a larger polybutadiene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PB-b-PEO) polymersome, forming a multicompartmentalized structure, which shows structural resemblance to the cell and its organelles. An original cofactor-dependent three-enzyme cascade reaction is performed, using either compatible or incompatible enzymes, which takes place across multiple compartments.
Glutamate-Induced AMPA Receptor Desensitization Increases Their Mobility and Modulates Short-Term Plasticity through Unbinding from StargazinCascade Reactions in Multicompartmentalized PolymersomesAbstract Enzyme‐filled polystyrene‐ b ‐poly(3‐(isocyano‐ L ‐alanyl‐aminoethyl)thiophene) (PS‐ b ‐PIAT) nanoreactors are encapsulated together with free enzymes and substrates in a larger polybutadiene‐ b ‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PB‐ b ‐PEO) polymersome, forming a multicompartmentalized structure, which shows structural resemblance to the cell and its organelles. An original cofactor‐dependent three‐enzyme cascade reaction is performed, using either compatible or incompatible enzymes, which takes place across multiple compartments.
Astrocytosis in parkinsonism: considering tripartite striatal synapses in physiopathology?The current concept of basal ganglia organization and function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions excludes the most numerous cells in the brain, i.e., the astrocytes, present with a ratio of 10:1 neuron. Their role in neurodegenerative condition such as Parkinson's disease (PD) remains to be elucidated. Before embarking into physiological investigations of the yet-to-be-identified "tripartite" synapses in the basal ganglia in general and the striatum in particular, we therefore characterized anatomically the PD-related modifications in astrocytic morphology, the changes in astrocytic network connections and the consequences on the spatial relationship between astrocytic processes and asymmetric synapses in normal and PD-like conditions in experimental and human PD. Our results unravel a dramatic regulation of striatal astrocytosis supporting the hypothesis of a key role in (dys) regulating corticostriatal transmission. Astrocytes and their various properties might thus represent a therapeutic target in PD.
Characterization of a Cell-Assembled extracellular Matrix and the effect of the devitalization process