Jae-hyuck Lee

A wearable electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system is proposed for the portable real-time 3-D lung ventilation monitoring. It consists of two types of SoCs, active electrode (AE)-SoC and Hub-SoC, mounted on wearable belts. The 48-channel AE-SoCs are integrated on flexible printed circuit board belt, and Hub-SoC is integrated in the hub module which performs data gathering and wireless communication between an external imaging device. To get high accuracy under the variation of conductivity, the dual-mode current stimulator provides the optimal frequency for time difference-EIT and frequency difference-EIT with simultaneous 4 k–128 kHz impedance sensing. A wide dynamic range instruments amplifier is proposed to provide 94 dB of wide dynamic range impedance sensing. In addition, the 48-channel AE system with the dedicated communication and calibration is implemented to achieve 1.4- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> sensitivity of impedance difference in the in vivo environment. The AE-/Hub-SoCs occupy 3.2 and 1.3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 65-nm CMOS technology and consume <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$124~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 1.1 mW with 1.2 V supply, respectively. As a result, EIT images are reconstructed with 90% of accuracy, and up to 10 frames/s real-time 3-D lung images are successfully displayed.

The ability of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) to generate nano- or microarrays of soft or hard materials (e.g., small molecules, DNA, proteins, nanoparticles, sols, and polymers) in a direct-write manner has been widely demonstrated. The transporting of large-sized ink materials such as bacteria, however, remains a significant challenge with this technique. The size limitation of the water meniscus formed between the DPN tip and the solid surface becomes a bottleneck in such diffusion-based molecular transport experiments. Herein, we report a straightforward "stamp-on" DPN method that uses a nanostructured poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogel-coated tip and carrier agents to generate patterns of micrometer-sized Escherichia coli JM 109 bacterial cells. We demonstrate that this approach enables the deposition of a single bacterial cell array on a solid surface or arrays of layers of multiple cells by modulating the viscosity of the "ink" solution. Fluorescence microscopy images indicated that the deposited bacterial cells were kept alive on Luria-Bertani-agar layered solid surfaces after DPN patterning.