Megan Milton

Recent estimates suggest that the global insect fauna includes fewer than six million species, but this projection is very uncertain because taxonomic work has been limited on some highly diverse groups. Validation of current estimates minimally requires the investigation of all lineages that are diverse enough to have a substantial impact on the final species count. This study represents a first step in this direction; it employs DNA barcoding to evaluate patterns of species richness in 27 orders of Canadian insects. The analysis of over one million specimens revealed species counts congruent with earlier results for most orders. However, Diptera and Hymenoptera were unexpectedly diverse, representing two-thirds of the 46 937 barcode index numbers (=species) detected. Correspondence checks between known species and barcoded taxa showed that sampling was incomplete, a result confirmed by extrapolations from the barcode results which suggest the occurrence of at least 94 000 species of insects in Canada, a near doubling from the prior estimate of 54 000 species. One dipteran family, the Cecidomyiidae, was extraordinarily diverse with an estimated 16 000 species, a 10-fold increase from its predicted diversity. If Canada possesses about 1% of the global fauna, as it does for known taxa, the results of this study suggest the presence of 10 million insect species with about 1.8 million of these taxa in the Cecidomyiidae. If so, the global species count for this fly family may exceed the combined total for all 142 beetle families. If extended to more geographical regions and to all hyperdiverse groups, DNA barcoding can rapidly resolve the current uncertainty surrounding a species count for the animal kingdom. A newly detailed understanding of species diversity may illuminate processes important in speciation, as suggested by the discovery that the most diverse insect lineages in Canada employ an unusual mode of reproduction, haplodiploidy.This article is part of the themed issue 'From DNA barcodes to biomes'.

Three new genera are described: Michener (Proteropinae), Bioalfa (Rogadinae), and Hermosomastax (Rogadinae). Keys are given for the New World genera of the following braconid subfamilies: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Cheloninae, Homolobinae, Hormiinae, Ichneutinae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Proteropinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rogadinae. In these subfamilies 416 species are described or redescribed. Most of the species have been reared and all but 13 are new to science. A consensus sequence of the COI barcodes possessed by each species is employed to diagnose the species, and this approach is justified in the introduction. Most descriptions consist of a lateral or dorsal image of the holotype, a diagnostic COI consensus barcode, the Barcode Index Number (BIN) code with a link to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD), and the holotype specimen information required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The following species are treated and those lacking authorship are newly described here with authorship attributable to Sharkey except for the new species of Macrocentrinae which are by Sharkey &amp;amp; van Achterberg: AGATHIDINAE: Aerophilus paulmarshi , Mesocoelus davidsmithi , Neothlipsis bobkulai , Plesiocoelus vanachterbergi , Pneumagathis erythrogastra (Cameron, 1905), Therophilus bobwhartoni , T. donaldquickei , T. gracewoodae , T. maetoi , T. montywoodi , T. penteadodiasae , Zacremnops brianbrowni , Z. coatlicue Sharkey, 1990, Zacremnops cressoni (Cameron, 1887), Z. ekchuah Sharkey, 1990, Z. josefernandezi , Zelomorpha sarahmeierottoae . BRACONINAE: Bracon alejandromarini , B. alejandromasisi , B. alexamasisae , B. andresmarini , B. andrewwalshi , B. anniapicadoae , B. anniemoriceae , B. barryhammeli , B. bernardoespinozai , B. carlossanabriai , B. chanchini , B. christophervallei , B. erasmocoronadoi , B. eugeniephillipsae , B. federicomatarritai , B. frankjoycei , B. gerardovegai , B. germanvegai , B. isidrochaconi , B. jimlewisi , B. josejaramilloi , B. juanjoseoviedoi , B. juliodiazi , B. luzmariaromeroae , B. manuelzumbadoi , B. marialuisariasae , B. mariamartachavarriae , B. mariorivasi , B. melissaespinozae , B. nelsonzamorai , B. nicklaphami , B. ninamasisae , B. oliverwalshi , B. paulamarinae , B. rafamoralesi , B. robertofernandezi , B. rogerblancoi , B. ronaldzunigai , B. sigifredomarini , B. tihisiaboshartae , B. wilberthbrizuelai , Digonogastra montylloydi , D. montywoodi , D. motohasegawai , D. natwheelwrighti , D. nickgrishini . CHELONINAE: Adelius adrianguadamuzi , A. gauldi Shimbori &amp;amp; Shaw, 2019, A. janzeni Shimbori &amp;amp; Shaw, 2019, Ascogaster gloriasihezarae , A. grettelvegae , A. guillermopereirai , A. gustavoecheverrii , A. katyvandusenae , A. luisdiegogomezi , Chelonus alejandrozaldivari , C. gustavogutierrezi , C. gustavoinduni , C. harryramirezi , C. hartmanguidoi , C. hazelcambroneroae , C. iangauldi , C. isidrochaconi , C. janecheverriae , C. jeffmilleri , C. jennyphillipsae , C. jeremydewaardi , C. jessiehillae , C. jesusugaldei , C. jimlewisi , C. jimmilleri , C. jimwhitfieldi , C. johanvalerioi , C. johnburnsi , C. johnnoyesi , C. jorgebaltodanoi , C. jorgehernandezi , C. josealfredohernandezi , C. josefernandeztrianai , C. josehernandezcortesi , C. josemanuelperezi , C. josephinerodriguezae , C. juanmatai , C. junkoshimurae , C. kateperezae , C. luciariosae , C. luzmariaromeroae , C. manuelpereirai , C. manuelzumbadoi , C. marianopereirai , C. maribellealvarezae , C. markmetzi , C. markshawi , C. martajimenezae , C. mayrabonillae , C. meganmiltonae , C. melaniamunozae , C. michaelstroudi , C. michellevanderbankae , C. mingfangi , C. minorcarmonai , C. monikaspringerae , C. moniquegilbertae , C. motohasegawai , C. nataliaivanovae , C. nelsonzamorai , C. normwoodleyi , C. osvaldoespinozai , C. pamelacastilloae , C. paulgoldsteini , C. paulhansoni , C. paulheberti , C. petronariosae , C. ramyamanjunathae , C. randallgarciai , C. rebeccakittelae , C. robertoespinozai , C. robertofernandezi , C. rocioecheverriae , C. rodrigogamezi , C. ronaldzunigai , C. rosibelelizondoae , C. rostermoragai , C. ruthfrancoae , C. scottmilleri , C. scottshawi , C. sergioriosi , C. sigifredomarini , C. stevearonsoni , C. stevestroudi , C. sujeevanratnasinghami , C. sureshnaiki , C. torbjornekremi , C. yeimycedenoae , Leptodrepana alexisae , L. erasmocoronadoi , L. felipechavarriai , L. freddyquesadai , L. gilbertfuentesi , L. manuelriosi , Phanerotoma almasolisae , P. alvaroherrerai , P. anacordobae , P. anamariamongeae , P. andydeansi , P. angelagonzalezae , P. angelsolisi , P. barryhammeli , P. bernardoespinozai , P. calixtomoragai , P. carolinacanoae , P. christerhanssoni , P. christhompsoni , P. davesmithi , P. davidduthiei , P. dirksteinkei , P. donquickei , P. duniagarciae , P. duvalierbricenoi , P. eddysanchezi , P. eldarayae , P. eliethcantillanoae , P. jenopappi , Pseudophanerotoma alanflemingi , Ps. albanjimenezi , Ps. alejandromarini , Ps. alexsmithi , Ps. allisonbrownae , Ps. bobrobbinsi . HOMOLOBINAE: Exasticolus jennyphillipsae , E. randallgarciai , E. robertofernandezi , E. sigifredomarini , E. tomlewinsoni</jats:it

The reliable taxonomic identification of organisms through DNA sequence data requires a well parameterized library of curated reference sequences. However, it is estimated that just 15% of described animal species are represented in public sequence repositories. To begin to address this deficiency, we provide DNA barcodes for 1,500,003 animal specimens collected from 23 terrestrial and aquatic ecozones at sites across Canada, a nation that comprises 7% of the planet's land surface. In total, 14 phyla, 43 classes, 163 orders, 1123 families, 6186 genera, and 64,264 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs; a proxy for species) are represented. Species-level taxonomy was available for 38% of the specimens, but higher proportions were assigned to a genus (69.5%) and a family (99.9%). Voucher specimens and DNA extracts are archived at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics where they are available for further research. The corresponding sequence and taxonomic data can be accessed through the Barcode of Life Data System, GenBank, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and the Global Genome Biodiversity Network Data Portal.

DNA barcoding was intended as a means to provide species-level identifications through associating DNA sequences from unknown specimens to those from curated reference specimens. Although barcodes were not designed for phylogenetics, they can be beneficial to the completion of the Tree of Life. The barcode database for Trichoptera is relatively comprehensive, with data from every family, approximately two-thirds of the genera, and one-third of the described species. Most Trichoptera, as with most of life's species, have never been subjected to any formal phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present a phylogeny with over 16 000 unique haplotypes as a working hypothesis that can be updated as our estimates improve. We suggest a strategy of implementing constrained tree searches, which allow larger datasets to dictate the backbone phylogeny, while the barcode data fill out the tips of the tree. We also discuss how this phylogeny could be used to focus taxonomic attention on ambiguous species boundaries and hidden biodiversity. We suggest that systematists continue to differentiate between 'Barcode Index Numbers' (BINs) and 'species' that have been formally described. Each has utility, but they are not synonyms. We highlight examples of integrative taxonomy, using both barcodes and morphology for species description.This article is part of the themed issue 'From DNA barcodes to biomes'.