Single cell RNA sequencing of human liver reveals distinct intrahepatic macrophage populationsThe liver is the largest solid organ in the body and is critical for metabolic and immune functions. However, little is known about the cells that make up the human liver and its immune microenvironment. Here we report a map of the cellular landscape of the human liver using single-cell RNA sequencing. We provide the transcriptional profiles of 8444 parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells obtained from the fractionation of fresh hepatic tissue from five human livers. Using gene expression patterns, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical examinations, we identify 20 discrete cell populations of hepatocytes, endothelial cells, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells, B cells, conventional and non-conventional T cells, NK-like cells, and distinct intrahepatic monocyte/macrophage populations. Together, our study presents a comprehensive view of the human liver at single-cell resolution that outlines the characteristics of resident cells in the liver, and in particular provides a map of the human hepatic immune microenvironment.
2003 Report of the Intestine Transplant RegistrySUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The intestine has been more difficult to transplant than other solid organs. We analyzed registry data to determine the scope and success of intestine transplantation in the current era. METHODS: All known intestinal-transplant programs participated. Patient- and graft-survival estimates were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and were analyzed with the Wilcoxon statistic. RESULTS: Sixty-one programs provided data on 989 grafts in 923 patients. Four patients were lost to follow-up. The short-gut syndrome was the most common primary indication for transplantation. Sixty-one percent of the recipients were < or =18 years. Proportionally more combined intestinal and liver transplants were performed in this group. More than 80% of all current survivors had stopped parenteral nutrition and resumed normal daily activities. A multivariate analysis of cases within the last 5 years revealed that transplantation of patients waiting at home, recipient age, antibody induction immune suppression, and center experience with at least 10 cases were associated with improved patient survival. One-year graft survival rates of 81% were achieved in patients who were induced with antithymocyte globulin and maintained on tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation is an effective therapy for the treatment of patients with end-stage intestine failure who cannot tolerate parenteral nutrition. With newer immune suppressive protocols, 1-year graft and patient survival rates approach the results of liver transplantation. Further improvement in survival are expected with early referral since suitable donor organs are scarce and survival rates are better when patients are well enough to wait at home for their transplant.